244 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
4.1 Introduction
Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug (Figure 4.1D), is a pentatomid species
native to Asia, specifically China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam (Figure 4.2). In
its native range, it can go through from one to three or more generations per year and, potentially,
can build up in high numbers. It is considered a nuisance pest in urban areas because of its overwin-
tering behavior and a periodic pest of agricultural crops such as apples, Asian pears, soybeans and
various Asian vegetables. With the increased movement of people and cargo, and the increase in
trade, between Asia and other parts of the world, H. halys has been found hitchhiking in air freight,
shipping cargo, and passenger luggage. It is believed to have entered the United States in the mid-
1990s via either the port of Manhattan, Elizabeth, or Philadelphia and subsequently was transported
to Allentown, Pennsylvania (Hoebeke and Carter 2003, Hamilton 2009). Once there, populations
slowly grew until they reached the point where the bugs became urban nuisance pests because of
their presence in homes and buildings during the late fall and winter. As the Allentown popula-
tion continued to grow, damage began to occur in surrounding agricultural areas and across the
Delaware River in Pittstown, New Jersey, as early as 2006 (Nielsen and Hamilton 2009a). In 2009
and 2010, H. halys became a severe urban nuisance and agricultural problem in the mid-Atlantic
areas of the United States. Since then, it has been detected and/or established in over 41 states and
4.4.7.3 Nutritional Attributes Associated with Host Plants and Cropping
and Management Practices affecting Halyomorpha halys Movement ............ 260
4.4.7.3.1 Nutritional Value of Plants ............................................................ 260
4.4.7.3.2 Intercropping ................................................................................. 260
4.4.7.3.3 Chemical Control .......................................................................... 260
4.4.7.4 Movement from Crops and Surrounding Vegetation to Overwintering Sites ... 260
4.4.8 Potential Geographic Distribution of Halyomorpha halys: Ecological Niche Modeling ....261
4.5 Current Impacts............................................................................................................................ 264
4.5.1 Halyomorpha halys in Asia ............................................................................................. 264
4.5.1.1 Ecology of Halyomorpha halys and Its Economic Damage Reported in Asia ... 264
4.5.1.1.1 Fruit ............................................................................................... 264
4.5.1.1.2 Field Crops and Vegetables ........................................................... 265
4.5.1.1.3 Specialty Crops: Tea, Paulownia, Orchid, and Matrimony Vine ... 265
4.5.1.2 Management of Halyomorpha halys in Asia ................................................... 266
4.5.1.2.1 Chemical Control Including Semiochemicals............................... 266
4.5.1.2.2 Biological Control ......................................................................... 266
4.5.1.2.3 Cultural and Mechanical Control .................................................. 267
4.5.2 Halyomorpha halys in Europe ........................................................................................ 267
4.5.2.1 Phenology in Europe ........................................................................................ 268
4.5.2.2 Host Range in Europe ...................................................................................... 268
4.5.3 Halyomorpha halys in North America ........................................................................... 268
4.5.3.1 Urban Nuisance Pest ........................................................................................ 268
4.5.3.2 Conventional Agricultural Pest ........................................................................ 269
4.5.3.3 Organic Agricultural Pest ................................................................................ 271
4.6 Current Management Tactics ....................................................................................................... 271
4.6.1 Monitoring Options ......................................................................................................... 272
4.6.2 Biofix Models .................................................................................................................. 273
4.6.3 Cultural Control ................................................................................................................ 274
4.6.4 Biological Control............................................................................................................. 274
4.6.5 Chemical Control ............................................................................................................ 277
4.7 What Does the Future Hold? ........................................................................................................ 278
4.8 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 278
4.9 References Cited........................................................................................................................... 279