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Other parasitoids reported in China include Trissolcus flavipes Thomson (now identified as Trissolcus
cultratus (Mayr) by Talamas et al. [2015b]) with a parasitism rate of up to 63.3% (Zhang et al. 1993) and
Telenomus mitsukurii (Ashmead) [now synonymized as Trissolcus mitsukurii (Ashmead), but probably a
misidentification of Trissolcus japonicus] with an egg parasitism rate up to 84.7% (Fengjie et al. 1997).
Five egg parasitoids, T. mitsukurii, Trissolcus plautiae (Watanabe), Trissolcus itoi Ryu, Anastatus gast-
ropachae Ashmead, and Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Arakawa and Namura 2002) were reported in Japan.
All of these parasitoids probably utilize other pentatomids as hosts and are known to attack several other
species of pest stink bugs (Ryu and Hirashima 1984, Qiu 2007, Matsuo et al. 2016) and the predatory stink
bug Arma chinensis in laboratory exposures (Yang et al. 2009). A parasitic tachinid fly, Bogosia sp., is
known to attack adult stink bugs in Japan with parasitism rates of up to 10% (Kawada and Kitamura 1992).
Following successful augmentation in China of populations of Anastatus sp. against the lychee bug,
Tessaratoma papillosa Drury, Hou et al. (2009) experimented with augmentative releases of mass reared
Anastatus against H. halys and reported elevated levels of parasitism in test peach orchards.
Few reports exist for pathogens of Halyomorpha halys. A fungal pathogen, Ophiocordyceps nutans
(Pat.) (Hypocreales: Phiocordycipitaceae) has been reported (Sasaki et al. 2012), and an intestinal virus
of Plautia stali (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was found to infect H. halys in the laboratory and may con-
tribute to H. halys suppression (Nakashima et al. 1998).
4.5.1.2.3 Cultural and Mechanical Control
Bagging fruit is a common practice to protect tree fruits from stink bugs in Korea and Japan. The injury
by Halyomorpha halys has been greatly reduced by bagging (Funayama 2002). Yu and Zhang (2007)
suggested the following as a part of IPM in tree fruit orchards: bagging fruits 1 week earlier than normal
time, mass trapping H. halys adults in the fall and early spring, and protecting orchard biodiversity and
enhancing natural control by using parasitoids.
For the management of paulownia witches’-broom disease, it is recommended to avoid large scale
plantations and to use new phytoplasma-free seedlings for new plantations. In addition, intercropping
with legumes in orchards needs to be avoided because Halyomorpha halys can fully utilize both tree
fruits and legumes to maximize their survivorship and reproduction (Adachi 1998).
In late autumn, Halyomorpha halys adults infest houses, buildings, and structures for overwintering.
They begin to arrive on a clear day when the lowest temperature drops below 15°C, and the highest
temperature is about 25°C (Watanabe et al. 1994). Peak populations moving to overwintering sites are
observed when the lowest temperatures are below 10°C. Watanabe et al. (1994) suggested methods to
prevent adults from entering human-made structures by using a slit trap consisting of a 30 cm x 180 cm
collapsible saw-horse like frame with three plywood pieces separated by 3 mm spacers attached to one
vertical face on rooftops as a tool to attract and kill them, applying pesticides such as cyphenothrin to
entry points such as window frames, covering windows with pesticide (e.g., cyphenothrin), using coated
polyethylene sheets, and covering the building with cyphenothrin-soaked netting.
4.5.2 Halyomorpha halys in Europe
Beginning with Halyomorpha halys’ initial introduction into Europe in Switzerland in 2007 the bug
now has been found in nine additional countries (Wermelinger et al. 2008, Arnold 2009, Heckman
2012, Callot and Brua 2013, Pansa et al. 2013, Garrouste et al. 2014, Maistrello et al. 2014, Milonas and
Parsinevelos 2014, Vétek et al. 2014, Cesari et al. 2015, Macavei et al. 2015, Rabitsch and Friebe 2015)
and with the exception of Italy is considered a nuisance pest (Sauer 2012, Pansa et al. 2013, Cesari et
al. 2015, Haye et al. 2015b). Records in Switzerland still are concentrated in urban habitats and the bug
generally is considered a household pest; however, infestations of ornamentals and local damage to
fruit-bearing trees and peppers have been reported (Müller et al. 2011). The first detection in Germany
consisted of a single female collected in southern Germany (Konstanz) and is not considered to represent
an established population (Heckman 2012). In Italy, in addition to becoming an established urban pest
in the Emilia Romagna, Lombardy, and Piedmont areas (Maistrello et al. 2013, 2014; Cesari et al. 2015),
Pansa et al. (2013) reported that H. halys was found in Piedmont nectarine orchards and was causing
damage to fruit. By 2014, H. halys was damaging pears in Modena; during summer 2015, it had spread