Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

382 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

further supported by Panizzi and Slansky (1991) who reported that host-switching from a cultivated
food source to a noncultivated food source, or feeding site (i.e., fruiting structures vs. stems/leaves),
can influence development time of nymphal stages, fecundity, and survival of N. viridula (Panizzi 1997,
2000). These latter categories enable the N. viridula population to subsist. In essence, if a plant species
favors the continued survival of the species, we identify it as an “associated plant,” or “plant associated
with” N. viridula.
Kirkaldy (1909) and Hoffmann (1935) presented the first structured listing of “food-plants” and “food-
plants,” respectively, of Nezara viridula, suggesting that these were only plants upon which N. viridula
fed. Because Hoffmann (1935) indicated that he “...undertook a survey of the literature...,” the presump-
tion is that he presented a world-wide listing of “food-plants” known at that time to be associated with
N. viridula. For this reason, and because of similarities with plant species identified in North America,
Hoffmann’s 1935 list is included within Table 7. 4. Likewise, tables identifying plants “...where stink bug
feeding and development were observed or implied...” were presented by McPherson and McPherson
(2000). However, these tables (McPherson and McPherson 2000) did not specify which plant taxa were
specific to N. viridula, instead implying that the tables reflected plant and insect interactions for all
included stink bug species. In addition to Kirkaldy (1909) and Hoffmann (1935), other previous reports
specific to N. viridula are included here (see Table 7. 4).
Botanical nomenclature is usually in a state of flux given synonyms for scientific names and differing
common names according to location. The names reported originally are included here. Also, earlier reports
presented general names of plant genera as well as more specific identification within these plant genera
(e.g., Amaranthaceae in Table 7. 4). General correspondence between the general public (i.e., growers/home
gardeners) and entomologists also provided insight to plants associated with Nezara viridula (e.g., Riley and

15

13

Te

mp

erature, °C

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Da

y leng

th,

h

No. of female

s

11

9

25

20

15

10

5

0

0

10

20

30

40

JunAJul ugSepOctNovDecJanFeb MarAprMayJunAJul ugSepOct

Quasi-natural

conditions

Simulated warming

conditions

FIGURE 7.14 Seasonal development of female Nezara viridula under quasi-natural and simulated warming (2.5°C) con-
ditions in Kyoto, Japan, 2006–2007. The egg mass symbol indicates the dates when the series started (15 September).
Histograms denote adult female emergence, survival, and relative abundance of color grades: white bars, green; gray bars,
intermediate; and black bars, russet. The dotted lines and solid lines overlaid on the histograms denote cumulative copula-
tion and cumulative oviposition, respectively. Environmental conditions (at the top of the figure): thick line, natural day
length; solid line, ambient outdoor temperature; broken line, temperature in the simulated warming incubator. See text for
details. (From D. L. Musolin, Physiological Entomology 37: 309–322, 2012, with permission.)