497

11

Diapause in Pentatomoidea

1

Dmitry L. Musolin and Aida Kh. Saulich

(^1) This chapter was modified, expanded, and updated from “Diapause in the seasonal cycle of stink bugs (Heteroptera,
Pentatomidae) from the Temperate Zone” by A. Kh. Saulich and D. L. Musolin (2012) (Copyright 2012 authors and
Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.). Full Latin and common names along with authorities of pentatomoids mentioned in the text
are given in Table 11.2. All specific eco-physiological terms that are boldfaced when mentioned the first time in the text
are explained in the Glossary at the end of this chapter.
CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 498
11.2 Diapause as a Form of Dormancy in Pentatomoidea ................................................................. 499
11.2.1 Phases of Diapause ......................................................................................................... 499
11.2.2 Three Types of Diapause in Pentatomoidea: Embryonic (Egg), Nymphal,
and Adult Diapause ........................................................................................................ 500
11.2.3 Two Forms of Diapause: Obligate and Facultative Diapause ........................................ 501
11.2.4 Two Seasonal Classes of Diapause: Winter and Summer Diapause .............................. 502
11.2.5 Diversity of Winter Diapause Patterns in Pentatomoidea .............................................. 502
11.3 Environmental Factors Controlling Induction of Winter Diapause ........................................... 509
11.3.1 Day Length ..................................................................................................................... 509
11.3.1.1 Photoperiodic Response of Diapause Induction ............................................. 509
11.3.1.2 Developmental Stage(s) Sensitive to Day Length ............................................ 511
11.3.1.3 Required Day Number ..................................................................................... 511
11.3.2 Temperature ..................................................................................................................... 513
11.3.2.1 Effect of Temperature on the Photoperiodic Response Curve during
Induction of Winter Diapause .......................................................................... 514
11.3.2.2 Temperature Optimum of Photoperiodic Response ........................................ 515
11.3.3 Food ................................................................................................................................. 515
11.4 Winter Diapause Per Se ............................................................................................................... 518
11.4.1 Peculiarities of Diapause in Females and Males ............................................................ 519
11.4.2 Cold Hardiness ............................................................................................................... 520
11.5 Diapause Development and Termination of Winter Diapause .................................................... 521
11.5.1 Spontaneous Termination of Winter Diapause .............................................................. 522
11.5.2 Cold Termination of Winter Diapause ........................................................................... 523
11.5.3 Photoperiodic Termination of Winter Diapause ............................................................ 523
11.6 Environmental Factors Controlling Postdiapause Development in Spring ................................ 525
11.6.1 Day Length ..................................................................................................................... 526
11.6.2 Temperature .................................................................................................................... 526
11.6.3 Food ................................................................................................................................ 526
11.7 Seasonal Adaptations Associated with Winter Diapause ........................................................... 527
11.7.1 Migrations to and from Overwintering Sites ................................................................. 527
11.7.2 Formation of Aggregations ............................................................................................ 528
11.7.3 Photoperiodic Control of Nymphal Growth Rate .......................................................... 529
11.7.4 Seasonal Polyphenism .................................................................................................... 530