Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea 31
3’ Body not as in 3(1), if somewhat tortoise-shaped with convex dorsum and flat venter,
then margins of head, pronotum, coria, and abdomen not laminately produced ventrally,
abdominal venter of both sexes lacking disc-shaped organs ............................................. 4
4(3) Scutellum subtriangular, leaving apices of clavi exposed at rest; apices of clavi either
meeting in a single point or forming a distinct claval commissure (Figures 2.3C; 2.15F;
2.16J; 2.25I, L; 2.31B) ..................................................................................................... 5
4’ Scutellum or at least its extreme tip projecting posteriad beyond frena, concealing apices
of clavi at rest; apices of clavi separated ............................................................................ 9
5(4) Length less than 3.5 mm; body elongate; scutellum short, not surpassing posterior
margin of metanotum (Figure 2.16J); scent gland ostiole situated close to lateral mar-
gin of metapleuron, with long vestibular scar; ocelli, if present, placed relatively far
from each other; resembling lygaeoids in appearance; southern and northern Africa,
southwest Asia (Figure 2.16J) ..............................................................Thaumastellidae
5’ Size usually greater, body broader; scutellum usually longer, surpassing posterior margin
of metanotum; scent gland ostiole, if present, situated close to acetabula; ocelli, if pres-
ent, placed close to each other .......................................................................................... 6
6(5) Ant-mimic (Figures 2.14E, 2.31B); black, marked with white, with large spines; clavi
extending beyond apex of scutellum and meeting at a single point; Thailand ..................
...............................................................................Pentatomidae (part: Pentamyrmecini)
6’ Not an ant mimic; color variable, but usually not black with white markings, may have
bristles or small spines or pegs, but not large spines; clavi extend beyond apex of scutel-
lum and form a claval commissure ................................................................................... 7
7(6) Lateral and anterior margins of head with strong, peg-like setae (Figure 2.1B); tibiae pro-
vided with spines along length (Figure 2.1C); ocelli placed closer to compound eyes than to
each other; reddish-brown to blackish-brown species; Western Hemisphere except for one
species introduced into Iran (Figure 2.15F) ..........................Cydnidae (part: Amnestinae)
7’ Head and tibiae unarmed; ocelli, if present, placed closer to each other than to compound
eyes; color variable, but usually not red-brown or black-brown ........................................... 8
8(7) Larger (usually more than 10 mm in length), variously colored (Figure 2.25L); scent
gland ostiole present; spiracles III-VII situated far from lateral margins of abdomen;
Eastern Hemisphere (Oriental region and neighboring areas of temperate East Asia)......
..................................................................................................................Urostylididae
8’ Smaller (usually less than 4.5 mm); generally of pale color (Figure 2.25I); scent gland
ostiole strongly reduced or lacking; spiracles III-VII situated close to lateral margins of
abdomen; Oriental region ...............................................................................Saileriolidae
9(4) Coxal combs (a row of strong, frequently broadened and flattened setae along apical
margin of coxa) present on all legs (Figure 2.1D); tibiae frequently with distinct spines
along their length (Figures 2.1E-H) .............................................................................. 10
9’ Coxal combs absent; tibiae may have hairs, but not distinctly spinose (except in a few
exceptional cases) ............................................................................................................... 12
10(9) Scutellum usually subtriangular (Figures 2.15K, L; 2.25E), sometimes enlarged but if
so, not nearly covering all of abdomen (Figures 2.15G, I) ........................................... 11
10’ Scutellum greatly enlarged, nearly covering entire abdomen; worldwide (Figure 2.25K) .....
.....................................................................................................................Thyreocoridae
11(10) Tibiae without distinct spines; medium-sized, aposematically black and red species;
Africa, India through China to Japan (Figures 2.25E, F) .......................Parastrachiidae
11’ Tibiae with distinct, frequently strong spines; of various colors but not aposematically
black and red; worldwide ...........................................................................Cydnidae (pa r t)