Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

508 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

In each particular insect species, usually only one ontogenetic stage can enter winter diapause. Within
one species, the ability to enter diapause at different stages has been assumed to occur among pentato-
moid species only in Pentatoma rufipes: Southwood and Leston (1959) and then Putshkov (1961) sug-
gested that not only nymphs but also adults of this species can overwinter, although such an unusual
pattern has not been proven and rare records of adults of this species early in spring might be misleading
and related to parasitism (see Chapter 12 for more details).
In several pentatomid species (e.g., Perillus bioculatus [Jasič 1975]; Graphosoma lineatum [Putshkov
1961, Nakamura et al. 1996]), some individuals likely can live longer than 1 year and, thus, overwinter
twice (i.e., enter winter diapause in 2 consecutive years). This possibility also cannot be excluded in
Sinopla perpunctatus Signoret (Faúndez and Osorio 2010).
The pentatomids Bagrada hilaris and Murgantia histrionica can be physiologically active throughout
the whole year (i.e., apparently develop without entering pronounced diapause at any season), at least
in southern areas (e.g., India [Singh and Malik 1993, Siddiqui 2000] or the United States of America
[McPherson and McPherson 2000, Taylor et al. 2015]).
Based on the data from Table 11.2, we can conclude that winter adult diapause is the most widespread
diapause in Pentatomoidea. This conclusion supports the earlier but less representative estimations that

TABLE 11.2 (CONTINUED)

Diapause and Associated Seasonal Adaptations Facilitating Synchronization of the Seasonal Cycle
with Environmental Conditions in Species of the Superfamily Pentatomoidea^1

Species (Common Name)

Form of

Diapause^2

Factors (Cues)

Inducing Diapause

and Associated

Seasonal

Adaptations^3

Type of
Diapause References
Family TESSARATOMIDAE
Subfamily Natalicolinae
Encosternum delegorguei
Spinola

O – Adult Dzerefos et al. 2009

Subfamily Oncomerinae
Musgraveia sulciventris (Stål)
(bronze orange bug)

O (winter) – Nymphal

(2nd instar)

Cant et al. 1996, Hely 1964,

McDonald 1969

F

(summer)

Fd Adult

Family THAUMASTOCORIDAE
Subfamily Xylastodorinae
Discocoris drakei Slater &
Ashlock

F – Adult Couturier et al. 2002

Family THYREOCORIDAE (= Family CORIMELAENIDAE)
Corimelaena lateralis lateralis
(F.)

O – Adult McPherson 1972

Corimelaena obscura
McPherson & Sailer

O – Adult Bundy and McPherson 1997

Galgupha ovalis Hussey O – Adult Biehler and McPherson 1982
Thyreocoris scarabaeoides
(L.) (scarab shield bug)

O – Adult Putshkov 1961

(^1) Only a few examples, particularly experimental studies that have been more thorough, are given for each family. Only
families with several examples are divided into subfamilies and tribes. Species are listed alphabetically within each family/
tribe/subfamily.
(^2) Forms of diapause: F – facultative, O – obligate. If not indicated otherwise, diapause is winter diapause.
(^3) Factors (cues) inducing diapause: PhP – photoperiod, T – temperature, Fd – food, H – humidity or precipitation; symbol
“–” means not applicable for obligate diapause and unknown for facultative diapause.