Diapause in Pentatomoidea 519
In contrast, in diapausing females of a similar age, differentiation and development of the oocytes is inter-
rupted in the early stages. In these females, the ovarioles are clear, there are no oocytes in germaria,
and the fat body is massive and dense (Figure 11.11A). In males the onset of diapause is usually (but
not always!) marked with suppression of sexual activity and pheromone production, arrested or deeply
suppressed development of the testes and/or accessory glands, and development of massive and dense fat
bodies (compare Figure 11.11B and Figure 11.11D,F).
In both sexes, preparation for winter diapause is accompanied by active growth of the fat body (Figure
11.12), changes in the biochemical composition of tissues, in some cases – wax (or similar compounds)
secretion (Dzerefos et al. 2009), migration (see Section 11.7.1), accumulation of specific nutrients (such
as starch [Fedotov 1947]), and changes in behavior (Figure 11.12) and/or coloration (see Section 11.7. 4).
A period of diapause development is characterized by reduced oxygen consumption.
11.4.1 Peculiarities of Diapause in Females and Males
In many species of Pentatomoidea that exhibit winter adult diapause, those that are facultative diapaus-
ers show no significant difference between the sexes in the parameters of photoperiodic induction of
(^15) A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
13
11
9
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0
OctNovDecJan FebMarAprMay OctNovDecJan FebMarAprMay
20
40
60
Incidence of diapause,
%F
at
body inde
xO
vary index
Da
y leng
th,
h
Te
mp
erature, °C
Incidence of diapause,
%F
at
body inde
xD
ay leng
th,
h
80
100
15
13
11
9
30
25
20
15
10
5
-5
0
Te
mp
erature, °C
30
25
20
15
10
5
-5
0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ecto
dermal sac index
FIGURE 11.12 Dynamics of physiological indices during overwintering under quasi-natural conditions in females (left)
and males (right) of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, in Kyoto, Japan (35°N). A and E – natural day length
and temperature; B – mean ovary index in females: from 0 (diapause: transparent ovarioles, no oocytes in germarium) to
3 (reproduction: semi-transparent ovarioles with mature eggs); C and G – mean fat body index: from 1 (reproduction: fat
body small, loose, weakly developed) to 3 (diapause: fat body expanded, dense, well developed); D – incidence of diapause
in females; F – mean ectodermal sac (accessory gland) index: from 0 (diapause: sacs transparent, empty, compact) to 3
(reproduction: sacs enlarged, filled with semi-transparent white-yellow secretion); H – incidence of diapause in males.
(Modified from K. Takeda, D. L. Musolin, and K. Fujisaki, Physiological Entomology 35: 343–353, 2010, with permission.)