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11.13 Glossary
Definitions apply to usage in Chapters 11 and 12 and do not necessarily cover all meanings of particular
terms. Cross-referenced entries within a definition are boldfaced. In a few cases of specific terms, refer-
ences are given (for full reference citations, see References Cited section of this chapter).
Active development: see Active seasonal development and Active physiological state
Active physiological state: (1) on the organism level, physiological state of an individual (i.e., growth
and metamorphosis), opposite of dormancy (first of all diapause); (2) on the population level,
corresponds to active seasonal development. Synonyms: Active development, Nondiapause
development
Active seasonal development: development of nondiapause individuals or generation(s) (e.g., growth,
metamorphosis, and reproduction). Synonyms: Active development, Active physiological
state, Nondiapause development. Antonyms: Diapause, Dormancy
Adult diapause: diapause at the adult stage (both in females and males), typically manifests itself as
arrested development of reproductive system (i.e., arrested maturation of gonads, activity of
reproduction-related glands, blocked oogenesis, absence of oviposition, etc.) and absence of
reproductive behavior. Synonyms: Imaginal diapause, Reproductive diapause
Aelia-like response: restoration of sensitivity to day length after a short refractory period (during win-
ter diapause; see Hodek 1971a). Synonym: Recurrent response
Aestivation: see Summer diapause. Alternative spelling: Estivation
Annual cycles: see Seasonal cycle
Apterous adults: see Aptery
Aptery: anatomical condition (i.e., morph or form) of an adult insect completely lacking any wings.
Synonyms: Apterous adults, Winglessness
Bivoltinism: special case of multivoltinism, characterized by development of only two generations per
year, one in spring (or early summer) and one in autumn (or late summer)
Body color polyphenism: see Seasonal body color polyphenism
Brachypterous adults: see Short-winged adults
Brachyptery: see Short-winged adults
Care behavior: see Parental care
Changing day length: (1) under field conditions: natural seasonal change of day length; day increases
until the day of summer solstice (June 20 to 22 in the Northern Hemisphere [i.e., increasing
day length, or photoperiod]) and then decreases until winter solstice (December 20 to 23 in
the Northern Hemisphere [i.e., decreasing day length, or photoperiod]); (2) under laboratory
conditions: a special experimental protocol mimicking natural seasonal change of day length
set up as an artificial shortening or lengthening of photophase and scotophase from one day
to another (or with another interval)
Changing photoperiod: see Changing day length
Chill intolerance: see Freeze intolerance
Civil twilights: the lightest parts of twilights; consist of the morning civil twilight (begins when the
geometric center of the Sun is 6° below the horizon [i.e., civil dawn] and ends at sunrise or when
the geometric center of the Sun is 0°50′ below the horizon) and evening civil twilight (begins