Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea 67
30’ General coloration light brown to dark fuscous, but usually not greenish, if some green
color present, it is usually a metallic green; ostiolar rugae variable ........................................ 31
31(30) Small to medium sized, very robust (i.e., venter strongly convex), head and anterior disk
of pronotum strongly declivent; scutellum somewhat enlarged, spatulate in shape; China,
Southeast Asia, Madagascar (Figure 2.30D) ................................................Hoplistoderini
31’ Medium to large in size, usually not so robust, head and anterior disk of pronotum not
strongly declivent; scutellum usually subtriangular, if enlarged or spatulate in shape, then
body size much larger and not so robust ........................................................................... 32
32(31) From Madagascar .............................................................................................................. 33
32’ From regions outside of Madagascar ................................................................................ 35
33(32) Anterolateral pronotal margins usually strongly convex, reflexed; relative large in size
(14-25 mm) (Figure 2.29G) ..............................................................................Coquereliini
33’ Anterolateral pronotal margins usually not strongly convex, at most narrowly reflexed;
size variable ....................................................................................................................... 34
34(33) Usually brown to dark brown in color; head with juga and tylus subequal in length, occa-
sionally with juga longer than tylus (Tripanda), but apex still evenly rounded, not dentate
.....................................................................................................................Cappaeini (part)
34’ Usually gray to dark gray; head variable, but often elongate, slender, sometimes foliaceous
or provided with teeth near apex .....................................................................Halyini (pa r t)
35(32) Generally ovoid in shape, brown, sometimes with darker brown stripes or spots, somewhat
flattened, depressed; lateral margins of head and pronotum sharply edged, somewhat lami-
nate; Old World (Figures 2.12C; 2.19I; 2.29E) ......................................................Caystrini
35’ Shape and coloration variable, but not usually both ovoid and brown with darker brown
markings, more robust; lateral margins of head and pronotum may be edged, but not
sharply so, not laminate ..................................................................................................... 36
36(35) Scutellum tends to be enlarged, spatulate in shape (more triangular in Acesines); each buc-
cula in males provided with a large, curved tooth (Axiagastus), smaller, strongly angled
tooth (Oncotropis), or normally shaped (Acesines); ostiolar rugae elongate, each reaching to
near lateral margin of metapleuron, apex acute, attached to metapleuron; India to Australia
(Figure 2.28I) .....................................................................................................Axiagastini
36’ Scutellum subtriangular in shape; each buccula unarmed, or at most obtusely angulate;
ostiolar rugae variable ....................................................................................................... 37
37(36) General coloration usually gray to dark gray; head often elongate (especially in preocular
portion), sometimes foliaceous or provided with teeth near apex; worldwide (except South
America) (Figures 2.21J, L; 2.22A, B; 2.30B, C) .......................................Halyini (pa r t)
37’ General coloration brown to dark brown; head more typically pentatomoid in shape, not
usually elongate, foliaceous, or dentate .................................................................................. 38
38(37) Medium to large in size; anterolateral pronotal margins often provided with several strong
teeth; abdominal spiracles relatively large; Southeast Asia (Figure 2.32A) .......Rolstoniellini
38’ Small to medium in size; anterolateral margin usually lacking denticles although
humeral angles may be spinose; spiracles of typical size; worldwide (Figures 2.19G, H;
2.28K, L) .....................................................................................................Cappaeini (part)
39(7) Base of abdomen provided with an anteriorly directed spine or tubercle ........................ 40
39’ Base of abdomen unarmed ................................................................................................ 41
40(39) Posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave; antennae 5-segmented; rostral groove
sometimes margined on each side with sharply edged ridge (Diplostira) or abdominal
spine long, nearly reaching base of head (Ambiorix); India, China (Figure 2.29J) ............
............................................................................................................................Diplostirini