———. 2001. The new encyclopedia of mammals.Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Macdonald, D. W., and R. E. Brown. 1985. Introduction: the
pheromone concept in mammalian chemical communication.
In Social odours in mammals,vol. 1, eds. R. E. Brown and
D. W. Macdonald, 1–18. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Macdonald, D. W., and G. M. Carr. 1989. Food security and
the rewards of tolerance. In Comparative socioecology: The
behavioural ecology of humans and other mammals,ed.
V. Standen and R. A. Folley, 75 – 99. Oxford: Blackwell
Scientific.
Macdonald, D. W., and M. P. G. Fenn. 1995. Rat ranges in
arable areas. Journal of Zoology, London236 : 349 –53.
Macdonald, D. W., K. Krantz, and R. T. Aplin. 1984. Behav-
ioural, anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking
amongst Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Rodentia:
Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology, London202 : 341– 60.
Macdonald, D. W., F. Mathews, and M. Berdoy. 1999. The be-
haviour and ecology of Rattus norvegicus: From opportunism
to kamikaze tendencies. In Ecologically-based rodent man-
agement,ed. G. R. Singleton, L. Hinds, H. Leirs, and Z.
Zhang, 49 – 80. Canberra: Australian Centre for International
Agricultural Research.
Macdonald, D. W., and J. R. Moreira. In press. Foetal position-
ing, selective death and sex allocation in capybaras. Journal of
Mammalogy.
Macedo, R. H., and M. A. Mares. 1988. Neotoma albigula.
Mammalian Species310 : 1–7.
Macedonia, J. M., and C. S. Evans. 1993. Variation among
mammalian alarm call systems and the problem of meaning in
animal signals. Ethology93 : 177– 97.
Mackintosh, J. H. 1981. Behaviour of the house mouse. Sym-
posia of the Zoological Society of London47 : 337– 65.
Mackintosh, J. H., and E. C. Grant. 1966. The effect of olfactory
stimuli in the agonistic behaviour of laboratory mice. Zeit-
schrift für Tierpsychologie23 : 584 – 87.
MacMillen, R. 1964. Population ecology, water relations, and
social behavior of a southern California semidesert rodent
fauna. University of California Publications in Zoology
71 : 1–59.
MacPhee, R. D. E., and C. Flemming. 1999. Requiem aeternum,
the last five hundred years of mammalian species extinctions.
In Extinctions in near time,ed. R. D. E. MacPhee, 333 –71.
New York: Kluwer Academic /Plenum.
MacPhee, R. D. E., D. C. Ford, and D. A. McFarlane. 1989. Pre-
Wisconsinian mammals from Jamaica and models of late
Quaternary extinction in the Greater Antilles. Quaternary
Research31 : 94 –106.
MacWhirter, R. B. 1992. Vocal and escape responses of Colom-
bian ground squirrels to simulated terrestrial and aerial pred-
ator attacks. Ethology91 : 311–25.
Madden, J. R. 1974. Female territoriality in a Suffolk County,
Long Island, population of Glaucomys volans. Journal of
Mammalogy55 : 647– 652.
Maddison, W. P. 2000. Testing character correlation using
pairwise comparisons on a phylogeny. Journal of Theoretical
Biology202 : 195 –204.
Maddison, W. P., and D. R. Maddison. 1992. MacClade:
Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution.Sunderland,
Massachusetts: Sinauer.
———. 2004. Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary
analysis. Version 1.02.
Maddock, L. 1979. The migration and grazing succession. In
Serengeti: Dynamics of an ecosystem,ed. A. R. E. Sinclair
and M. Norton-Griffiths, 104 –29. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Madison, D. M. 1980a. An integrated view of the social biology
of Microtus pennsylvanicus. The Biologist62 : 20 –33.
———. 1980b. Space use and social structure in meadow voles,
Microtus pennsylvanicus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiol-
ogy7 : 65 –71.
———. 1984. Group nesting and its ecological and evolutionary
significance in overwintering microtine rodents. Special
Publications of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History
10 : 267–74.
———. 1985. Activity rhythm and spacing. In Biology of New
World Microtus,Special publication no. 8, ed. R. H. Tamarin,
373 – 419. Shippensburg, PA: American Society of Mammal-
ogists.
Madison, D. M., R. W. Fitzgerald, and W. J. McShea. 1984.
Dynamics of social nesting in overwintering meadow voles
(Microtus pennsylvanicus): Possible consequences for popu-
lation cycling.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology15 : 9 –17.
Madsen, O., M. Scally, C. J. Douady, D. J. Kao, R. W. DeBryk,
R. Adkins, H. M. Amrine, M. J. Stanhope, W. W. de Jong,
and M. S. Springer. 2001. Parallel adaptive radiations in two
major clades of placental mammals. Nature409, 610 –14.
Madsen, T., Shine, R., Loman, J. and Hakansson, T. 1992. Why
do female adders copulate so frequently?Nature355 : 440 – 41.
Maestripieri, D. 1992. Functional aspects of maternal aggression
in mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology70 : 1069 –77.
Maestripieri, D., and E. Alleva, E. 1990. Maternal aggression and
litter size in the female house mouse.Ethology84 : 27–34.
Maestripieri, D., and C. Rossi-Arnaud. 1991. Kinship does not
affect litter defense in pairs of communally nesting female
house mice. Aggressive Behavior17 : 223 –28.
Magurran, A. E. 1990. The inheritance and development of min-
now anti-predator behaviour. Animal Behaviour39 : 834 – 42.
Mahady, S. J., and J. O. Wolff. 2002. A field test of the Bruce
effect in the monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster).
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology52 : 31–37.
Maier, T. J. 2002. Long-distance movements by female white-
footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus,in extensive mixed-wood
forest. Canadian Field-Naturalist116 : 108 –11.
Mainardi, D., M. Marsan, and A. Pasquali. 1965. Causation of
sexual preferences of the house mouse. The behaviour of mice
reared by parents whose odour was artificially altered. Atti
della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico
di Storia Naturale di Milano54 : 325 –38.
Mainardi, D., F. M. Scudo, and D. Barbieri. 1965. Assortative
mating based on early learning: Population genetics. Acta
Bio-Medica36 : 583 – 605.
Makin, J. W., and R. H. Porter. 1984. Paternal behavior in the
spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Behavioral and Neural
Biology41 : 135 –51.
Malizia, A. I. 1998. Population dynamics of the fossorial rodent
Ctenomys talarum(Rodentia: Octodontidae). Journal of
Zoology, London244 : 545 –51.
Mallory, F. F., and R. J. Brooks. 1978. Infanticide and other
reproductive strategies in the collared lemming, Dicrostonyx
groenlandicus. Nature273 : 144 – 46.
———. 1980. Infanticide and pregnancy failure: Reproductive
strategies in the female collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groen-
landicus). Biology of Reproduction22 :192 – 96.552 References