- seCtIon FoUR: eVoLUtIon
Hofstadter, D. R. (2007). A fleeting encounter with
zombies and dualism [excerpt]. In D. R. Hofstadter, I am
a strange loop (pp. 342–349). New York: Basic Books.
Includes sections on ‘Why couldn’t we all just have
been zombies?’ (introducing racecar power), ‘Liphoso-
phy’ (belief in a terribly important nonphysical prop-
erty), ‘Problems with consciousness as a capitalized
essence’, and ‘A sliding scale of élan mental’.
Macphail, E. M. (2009). Evolution of consciousness.
In T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans, and P. Wilken (Eds), The
Oxford companion to consciousness (pp. 276–279).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Uses the experience of pain as a case study in the diffi-
culties of making sense of consciousness and evolution.