Diapause in Pentatomoidea 557
interpreted by the neurohormonal system of the individual; this cue switches the ontogenetic
pathway from active physiological state to diapause
Diapause phase: central phase of diapause; consists of three subphases: initiation, maintenance, and
termination
Diapause syndrome: complex of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits associated with
diapause (Tauber et al. 1986); often used as a synonym of diapause
Diapause termination: end of diapause; gradual changes that occur during diapause development and
result in its ending
Diapausing stage: ontogenetic (i.e., developmental) stage at which diapause occurs. In pentatomoids, it
can be the egg (i.e., embryonic), nymphal, or adult stages
Direct development: individual active physiological state without interruption for physiological dor-
mancy; opposite to diapause or any other form of dormancy. Synonym: Nondiapause devel-
opment. Antonym: Diapause, Diapause development
Dispersal: general term for movement of insects; scattering or spreading of members of one popula-
tion in space, with different purposes, usually resulting in increasing of mean distance among
members of the population (see Dingle 1996)
Dormancy: general term covering any state of suppressed development (i.e., developmental arrest) that
is adaptive (that is ecologically or evolutionarily meaningful and not just artificially induced)
and usually accompanied with metabolic suppression (Koštál 2006)
Ecological polymorphism: see Polyphenism
Egg diapause: see Embryonic diapause
Embryonic diapause: diapause at the embryonic (i.e., egg) stage of ontogenesis; typically manifests
itself as arrested embryogenesis (i.e., postponed hatching of nymphs). Synonym: Egg diapause
Endogenous processes: processes that originate from within an organism; internal. Antonym:
Exogenous processes
Endogenous univoltinism: pattern of univoltinism based on obligate diapause; seasonal development
with completion of strictly only one generation during the vegetative season or year. See
Univoltine seasonal cycle
Environmental polymorphism: see Polyphenism
Estivation: see Summer diapause. Alternative spelling: Aestivation
Estivation quarters: microhabitats used by insects to survive during summer diapause (i.e., estiva-
tion). Synonyms: Estivation sites
Estivation sites: see Estivation quarters
Exogenous processes: processes that originate from outside of an organism, from its environment;
external. Antonym: Endogenous processes
Exogenous univoltinism: pattern of univoltinism in species or populations that potentially can have
multivoltine seasonal cycles, but whose seasonal development is limited by completion of
strictly only one generation during the vegetative season or year; such pattern is controlled by
external factors. See Univoltine seasonal cycle
Facultative: optional or discretionary, something that must be induced. See, for example, Facultative
diapause. Antonym: Obligate
Facultative diapause: diapause that is not obligate but induced in particular generation by external
factors (e.g., day length, temperature, food, humidity); it can, but does not necessarily, occur in
each generation
Food-mediated diapause: facultative diapause that is induced by trophic factor (i.e., food or diet) –
seasonal change of quality or availability of food. Synonym: Trophic diapause
Freeze avoidance: see Freeze intolerance
Freeze intolerance: one of three strategies of cold hardiness; the freeze intolerant species cannot sur-
vive the formation of ice within their bodies and, thus, have evolved a set of biochemical, physi-
ological, behavioral, and ecological measures/adaptations aimed at prevention of ice formation.
Synonyms: Freeze avoidance, Freeze susceptibility
Freeze susceptibility: see Freeze intolerance