565

12

Seasonal Cycles of Pentatomoidea

1

Aida Kh. Saulich and Dmitry L. Musolin

12.1 Introduction

Insects provide extensive material for studying the evolution and diversity of seasonal adaptations and
annual cycles based on these adaptations. Every insect species, and in many cases every population,
possesses its own specific annual cycle that differs from those of other populations or species, including
those that are taxonomically close or sympatric.
A comparative study of seasonal adaptations in particular taxa combined with taxonomic analysis
makes an efficient approach to solving some fundamental problems of evolution. This principle underlies
the existing hypotheses of the evolution of seasonal adaptations in insects. However, studies in this direc-
tion are limited, being mostly focused on some families of Lepidoptera (Tyshchenko 1983, Masaki and
Yata 1988), Coleoptera (e.g., Carabidae; Matalin 2007), Neuroptera (e.g., Chrysopidae; Volkovich 2007),
Orthoptera (e.g., Gryllidae; Tauber et al. 1986, Masaki and Walter 1987), and Hymenoptera (Kipyatkov

(^1) This chapter was modified, expanded and updated from “Seasonal cycles in stink bugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) from
the Temperate Zone: diversity and control” by A. Kh. Saulich and D. L. Musolin (2014b) (Copyright 2014 authors and
Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.). Note: Many specific eco-physiological terms that are boldfaced when mentioned the first time
in the text of this chapter are explained in the Glossary to Chapter 11 (Section 11.13).
CONTENTS
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 565
12.2 The Univoltine Seasonal Cycle ................................................................................................... 567
12.2.1 The Endogenously Controlled Univoltine Seasonal Cycle ............................................ 568
12.2.1.1 The Univoltine Seasonal Cycle Based on Obligate Embryonic Diapause .... 568
12.2.1.2 The Univoltine Seasonal Cycle Based on Obligate Nymphal Diapause ........ 571
12.2.1.3 The Univoltine Seasonal Cycle Based on Obligate Adult Diapause ............. 573
12.2.2 The Exogenously Controlled Univoltine Seasonal Cycle ............................................... 574
12.3 The Multivoltine Seasonal Cycle ................................................................................................ 578
12.3.1 The True Multivoltine Seasonal Cycle .......................................................................... 579
12.3.2 The Strictly Bivoltine Seasonal Cycle ........................................................................... 584
12.3.3 The Partially Bivoltine Seasonal Cycle ......................................................................... 585
12.4 The Semivoltine (Perennial) Seasonal Cycle ............................................................................. 587
12.5 The Significance of Photoperiodic and Thermal Responses for Expansion of Insects
Beyond Their Natural Distribution Ranges ................................................................................ 587
12.5.1 Natural or Accidental Invasions—Case Studies of the Southern Green Stink Bug,
Nezara viridula, and Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys .................. 587
12.5.2 Intentional Introductions—Case Studies of the Spined Soldier Bug, Podisus
maculiventris, and Twospotted Stink Bug, Perillus bioculatus................................. 592
12.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 595
12.7 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 598
12.8 References Cited ......................................................................................................................... 599