Semiochemistry of Pentatomoidea 681
well to mixtures containing unnatural ratios of active pheromone components and/or unnatural isomers
of the pheromone components. This offers opportunities to synthesize relatively inexpensive mixtures of
pheromone stereoisomers that may be of considerable practical value in management of stink bug pests,
whereas pure substances would be prohibitively expensive to produce in even gram quantities.
The attraction of some stink bug species to the pheromones of other species, either by partial overlap
of active components or, surprisingly, to pheromones that the responding species does not itself produce,
also has been exploited in stink bug monitoring. Natural enemies also are attracted to many of the phero-
mones and allomones of the Pentatomoidea (Section 15.4), co-opting them for use as kairomones to find
their hosts or prey. This is understood more easily than the cross-attraction among bug species, which is
discussed in Section 15.5.1.1.
15.2.1 Agroecus griseus Dallas [Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Carpocorini]
Agroecus griseus ranges from Panama to northern Argentina and is a major pest of corn in Brazil (Rider
and Rolston 1987). This was the first Agroecus species in which semiochemicals were studied. Aerations
of male and female A. griseus showed the presence of a male-specific compound, which was identi-
fied as methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate of unspecified stereochemistry (Fávaro et al. 2012). This
compound had been described previously as a sex pheromone of Euschistus heros (Aldrich et al. 1991)
and E. obscurus (Borges and Aldrich 1994). A synthetic mixture of all eight stereoisomers of methyl
2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate was attractive to A. griseus females, but not to males, in a Y-tube olfactom-
eter (Fávaro et al. 2012). In addition to the male-produced sex pheromone, Fávaro et al. (2012) identified
defensive compounds from A. griseus (See Allomones, Section 15.3).
15.2.2 Bagrada hilaris Burmeister [Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Strachiini]
Bagrada hilaris, known as the painted bug or bagrada bug, is native to Africa but has spread to south
Asia and the Mediterranean region and, within the past decade, to the southwestern United States.
TABLE 15.1 (CONTINUED)
Pheromones Investigated in the Pentatomoidea. All Pheromones Are Produced by Adult Males,
Except for the Final Species, Sehirus cinctus, in Which the Pheromone Is Produced by Nymphs
Section Species Respondera Key Citation(s)
15.2.11 Nezara viridula M, F, n Aldrich et al. 1987, Baker et al. 1987
15.2.11 Nezara antennata M, F, n? Aldrich et al. 1989, 1993
Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Pentatomini
15.2.13 Pallantia macunaima F Fávaro et al. 2013
Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Piezodorini
15.2.14 Piezodorus guildinii F Borges et al. 2007
15.2.14 Piezodorus hybneri M, F, n Leal et al. 1998, Endo et al. 2010
Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Rhynchocorini
-- Biprorulus bibax M, F, n? James et al. 1994, 1996
Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Strachiini
15.2.2 Bagrada hilaris F Guarino et al. 2008
15.2.10 Murgantia histrionica M, F, n Zahn et al. 2008, Khrimian et al. 2014b
Tessaratomidae: Tessaratominae
15.2.17 Tessaratoma papillosa? Zhao et al. 2012, Wang et al. 2012
Cydnidae: Cephalocteninae
15.2.16 Sehirus cinctus F Kölliker et al. 2006
a M=males; F=females; n=nymphs.