Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

710 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

It is important to bear in mind that the male-produced pheromones of pentatomids are used for long-
distance attraction, whereas vibrational and visual signals mediate short-range mate location (Čokl
and Millar 2009, Millar et al. 2010). Thus, there may be minimal cost to the heterospecific sender or
the receiver in the olfactory attraction, because a potential sexual interaction is rapidly and efficiently
determined as heterospecific once the sender and receiver are on the same substrate. Thus, effective
short-range communication mechanisms may mitigate selection pressures to avoid cross-attraction to
long-range pheromones (see Symonds and Elgar 2008).
Analogous to the potential intraspecific benefits of aggregation pheromones outlined above, hetero-
specific benefits have also been proposed to account for cross-species attraction. Three benefits to the
heterospecific pheromone receiver have been proposed specifically for the Pentatomoidea: (1) location
of food plants (Tada et al. 2001a, Endo et al. 2006), (2) aggregation at suitable overwintering locations
(Khrimian et al. 2008), and (3) density-based protection from tachinid fly parasites, which are attracted
to many pentatomid pheromones (Aldrich et al. 2007). Nymphal aggregations also may be heterospe-
cific, probably involving improvement of the physical environment and protection from natural enemies,
analogous to intraspecific benefits (Lockwood and Story 1986), and these are mediated chemically
through common allomonal chemicals (Fucarino et al. 2004). Benefits also may accrue to the sender,
rendering the interaction synomonal, under each of the three reasons for receiver attraction cited above.

15.5.1.2 Multiple Components: Ratios and Variability

Most stink bug pheromones probably consist of at least two components: of the 46 species listed in
Table 15.1, 14 are undefined, whereas 32 have one or more components that have been shown to mediate
behavioral responses. Of these 32 species, 14 clearly require multiple components, and only seven spe-
cies appear to have pheromones consisting of single components. The remaining 11 may have single or
multiple components, which in these cases can only be determined by further stereochemical analysis
and/or synthesis, coupled with behavioral bioassays.
Component ratios may vary among geographic populations (e.g., Nezara viridula, Aldrich et al. 1987,
1993, but disputed by Ryan et al. 1995), with age (Piezodorus hybneri, Endo et al. 2012), and with nutri-
tion (Euschistus heros; Moraes et al. 2008c). Among individual males of P. hybneri, Endo et al. (2012)
found that ratios of the three components in pheromone emissions were highly variable among individu-
als and over time. In contrast, Miklas et al. (2000) found that although individual male N. viridula varied

TABLE 15.4

Cross-Attractancy of Pheromones in the Pentatomidae

Chapter

Section Species

Cross-Attracted to

Pheromones of:

Pheromone of This Species

Cross-Attracts:

15.2.2 Bagrada hilaris? M. histrionica,? H. halys

15.2.3 Chinavia hilaris P. stali

15.2.4 Chlorochroa ligata C. uhleri C. uhleri

15.2.4 Chlorochroa uhleri C. ligata C. ligata

15.2.5 Edessa meditabunda T. perditor, E. heros

15.2.7 Euschistus heros T. perditor P. guildinii, E. meditabunda

15.2.9 Halyomorpha halys P. stali, M. histrionica? B. hilaris, M. histrionica, P. stali

15.2.10 Murgantia histrionica H. halys? B. hilaris, H. halys, P. stali

15.2.11 Nezara viridula N. antennata, T. perditor N. antennata

15.2.11 Nezara antennata N. viridula N. viridula

15.2.14 Piezodorus guildinii E. heros, T. perditor

15.2.14 Piezodorus hybneri Riptortus clavatus (Alydidae)

15.2.15 Plautia stali H. halys, M. histrionica H. halys, C. hilaris, Glaucias subpunctatus

(Walker) (Pentatomidae)

15.2.18 Thyanta perditor E. heros, E. meditabunda, P. guildinii,

N. viridula