730 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
16.1 Management Tactics and Control
Insects have been competitors of humans for food and space and have served as vectors of animal and
plant diseases for thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising that many tactics have been devel-
oped to help manage populations of these pests. These management tactics can be divided into four broad
categories: (1) attacking the insects directly with insecticides, resistant crop varieties, and biological
control agents; (2) avoiding or minimizing the peak population densities by using early or late maturing
varieties and adjusting planting and harvesting dates; (3) disrupting life cycles by destroying weeds and
other wild hosts; and (4) by not encouraging the build up of damaging populations by planting trap crops
or other preferred hosts near the crop to be protected or using these hosts as ground cover in or near
plants that are agriculturally important (McPherson and McPherson 2000).
These and other tactics fall into seven major types of control and are listed below (1–6 modified from
Johansen 1978, 7 modified from Kogan 1998). Each will be discussed in detail later in this chapter. Not
all of these have been used in control of pentatomoids, but it puts those that have been used into an overall
framework.
16.3.1.4 Regulatory (Legal) Control ............................................................................. 745
16.3.1.4.1 Quarantine ................................................................................... 745
16.3.1.4.2 Eradication .................................................................................. 746
16.3.1.4.3 Certification/Inspections ............................................................ 746
16.3.1.5 Chemical Control ............................................................................................ 746
16.3.1.5.1 Economic Injury Levels and Action Thresholds ........................ 746
16.3.1.5.2 Insecticide Modes of Action ........................................................ 747
16.3.1.5.3 Application Strategies ................................................................. 747
16.3.1.6 Biological Control ........................................................................................... 748
16.3.1.6.1 Predators ..................................................................................... 748
16.3.1.6.2 Parasitoids ................................................................................... 748
16.3.1.6.3 Entomopathogens and Nematodes .............................................. 749
16.3.1.6.4 Classical Biological Control ........................................................ 749
16.3.1.6.5 Augmentation Biological Control ................................................ 749
16.3.1.7 Integrated Pest Management ........................................................................... 749
16.3.1.7.1 Agricultural IPM ........................................................................ 750
16.3.1.7.1.1 Stink Bug Control Programs for Selected Crops ... 750
16.3.1.7.1.1.1 Cotton ............................................. 750
16.3.1.7.1.1.2 Fruit and Vegetable Crops .............. 750
16.3.1.7.1.1.2.1 Damage ................ 750
16.3.1.7.1.1.2.2 Chemical Control ... 751
16.3.1.7.1.1.2.3 Pheromone-
Based Programs .... 752
16.3.1.7.1.1.2.4 Habitat
Manipulation ........ 752
16.3.1.7.1.1.2.5 Conclusions
and Future
Considerations ....... 753
16.3.1.7.2 Urban IPM ................................................................................... 753
16.4 Future Management Practices .................................................................................................... 754
16.4.1 Innovative Precision Agriculture Techniques ................................................................ 754
16.4.2 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) ...................................................................... 755
16.4.2.1 Plant-Incorporated Proteins ............................................................................. 755
16.4.2.2 RNA Interference ............................................................................................ 756
16.5 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 757
16.6 References Cited .......................................................................................................................... 757