David R. Jackson
digm exemplars.^12 Etiologies define causes but don't necessarily produce
solutions. Typologies predict outcomes resulting in proclamation. Exem
plars demonstrate how a paradigmatic understanding of events can pro
duce a replicable solution to a problem, and so produce parenesis. As such,
the Enochic paradigm created a methodology rather than just a myth.
We can illustrate this by noting the way in which the prediluvian devia
tion (Jub 5:2) ended, on the other side of the flood, with a complete restora
tion of purity and order (Jub 5:12; cf. 1 En 10:20-11:2) on earth, extending even
to the biological purification of the animals. This in turn is promissory of a
final eschatological purification that will last for all generations (Jub 4:16). In
the same way Jubilees' recounting of postdiluvian history brings God's people
into another new Eden where they will become another plantation of righ
teousness as they occupy the Promised Land in the Jubilee of Jubilees. Each
new beginning, followed by another "going astray" and another rescued rem
nant, forms a pattern that can be understood from the perspectives of these
replicating exemplars, rather than merely a chain of causation that can be
traced back to a myth. Here we note one difference between the Deutero
nomic and Enochic paradigms in that the former did not include the revela
tion or re-revelation of texts based on the heavenly tablets and connected
with the revelation given to Enoch. Authors working with this methodology
could then map all of Israel's history up to their own time in different ways
that still demonstrated this replication, e.g., Apocalypse of Weeks and Animal
Apocalypse. The pattern of replication could also be read at different levels
within that system, such that Enoch's role as the seventh of his epoch of ten
generations correlated with the seventh of the ten epochs of world history,
identifying the fictive author's community as constituting an "Enoch" on the
macroscale of a looming eschatology.^13 The solution then would always be to
return to the original divine order, Enoch being the first man to have received
the revelation of this way of salvation. This paradigm would fail only at the
point where it could no longer credibly account for a growing body of contra
dictory data or anomalous experiences. Such may have been the point
reached with the outcome of the war with Rome in 74 C.E.
Jubilees worked out in great detail how each exemplar was replicated
after the flood.
- A. Yoshiko Reed, Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Re
ception of Enochic Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 87-95. - Cf. Kvanvig's paper in this volume, "Enochic Judaism — a Judaism without the
Torah and the Temple?"