202 S.I. Wanzala and S. Sreevatsan
Gravett, M.G., Novy, M.J., Rosenfeld, R.G., Reddy, A.P., Jacob, T., et al. (2004) Diagnosis of intra-amniotic
infection by proteomic profiling and identification of novel biomarkers. JAMA 292, 462–469.
Haas, C.T., Roe, J.K., Pollara, G., Mehta, M. and Noursadeghi, M. (2016) Diagnostic ‘omics’ for active
tuberculosis. BMC Medicine 14, 37-016-0583-9.
Harding, C. and Boom, W.H. (2010) Regulation of antigen presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
a role for Toll-like receptors. Nature Reviews Microbiology 8, 296–307.
Hibi, K., Robinson, C.R., Booker, S., Wu, L., Hamilton, S.R., et al. (1998) Molecular detection of genetic
alterations in the serum of colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Research 58, 1405–1407.
Humblet, M.F., Boschiroli, M.L. and Saegerman, C. (2009) Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis
risk factors in cattle: a stratified approach. Veterinary Research 40, 50.
Jacobsen, M., Mattow, J., Repsilber, D. and Kaufmann, S.H. (2008) Novel strategies to identify biomarkers
in tuberculosis. Biological Chemistry 389, 487–495.
Jahr, S., Hentze, H., Englisch, S., Hardt, D., Fackelmayer, F.O., et al. (2001) DNA fragments in the blood
plasma of cancer patients: quantitations and evidence for their origin from apoptotic and necrotic cells.
Cancer Research 61, 1659–1665.
Jiang, N. and Pisetsky, D.S. (2005) The effect of inflammation on the generation of plasma DNA from dead
and dying cells in the peritoneum. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 77, 296–302.
Jiang, N., Reich, C.F., 3rd, Monestier, M. and Pisetsky, D.S. (2003) The expression of plasma nucleosomes
in mice undergoing in vivo apoptosis. Clinical Immunology 106, 139–147.
Kamm, R.C. and Smith, A.G. (1975) Plasma deoxyribonucleic acid concentrations of women in labor and
umbilical cords. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 121, 29–31.
Kaufmann, S.H. (2004) New issues in tuberculosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 63(2), ii50–ii56.
Kleinnijenhuis, J., Oosting, M., Joosten, L.A.B., Netea, M.G. and Van Crevel, R. (2011) Innate immune
recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinical & Developmental Immunology 2011, Article ID
405310.
Kondo, T. (2014) Inconvenient truth: cancer biomarker development by using proteomics. Biomedica Bio-
chimica Acta 1844, 861–865.
Kopreski, M.S., Benko, F.A., Kwee, C., Leitzel, K.E., Eskander, E., et al. (1997) Detection of mutant K-ras
DNA in plasma or serum of patients with colorectal cancer. British Journal of Cancer 76, 1293–1299.
Lai, Z.W.P. and Agnese, S.O. (2015) The emerging role of the peptidome in biomarker discovery and degra-
dome profiling. Biological Chemistry 396, 185–192.
Lamont, E.A., Janagama, H.K., Ribeiro-Lima, J., Vulchanova, L., Seth, M., et al. (2014a) Circulating Myco-
bacterium bovis peptides and host response proteins as biomarkers for unambiguous detection of
subclinical infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52, 536–543.
Lamont, E.A., Ribeiro-Lima, J., Waters, W.R., Thacker, T. and Sreevatsan, S. (2014b) Mannosylated lipoar-
abinomannan in serum as a biomarker candidate for subclinical bovine tuberculosis. BMC Research
Notes 7, 559.
Leon, S.A., Shapiro, B., Sklaroff, D.M. and Yaros, M.J. (1977) Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and
the effect of therapy. Cancer Research 37, 646–650.
Leung, C.C., Lange, C. and Zhang, Y. (2013) Tuberculosis: current state of knowledge: an epilogue. Respi-
rology 18, 1047–1055.
Lichtenstein, A.V., Melkonyan, H.S., Tomei, L.D. and Umansky, S.R. (2001) Circulating nucleic acids and
apoptosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 945, 239–249.
Lo, Y.M., Corbetta, N., Chamberlain, P.F., Rai, V., Sargent, I.L., et al. (1997) Presence of fetal DNA in mater-
nal plasma and serum. Lancet 350, 485–487.
Lo, Y.M., Rainer, T.H., Chan, L.Y., Hjelm, N.M. and Cocks, R.A. (2000) Plasma DNA as a prognostic marker
in trauma patients. Clinical Chemistry 46, 319–323.
Lui, Y.Y., Chik, K.W., Chiu, R.W., Ho, C.Y., Lam, C.W. and Lo, Y.M. (2002) Predominant hematopoietic origin
of cell-free DNA in plasma and serum after sex-mismatched bone marrow transplantation. Clinical
Chemistry 48, 421–427.
Mackay, C.R. and Hein, W.R. (1989) A large proportion of bovine T cells express the gamma delta T cell
receptor and show a distinct tissue distribution and surface phenotype. International Immunology 1,
540–545.
Mahairas, G.G., Sabo, P.J., Hickey, M.J., Singh, D.C. and Stover, C.K. (1996) Molecular analysis of genetic
differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. Journal of Bacteriology 178,
1274–1282.