32 United States The Economist June 11th 2022
The incapablestate
E
ven beforeit started raining, there were puddles by the road
side in the Little River area of Miami. Then the heavens opened
and before Lexington’s eyes, on June 3rd, the puddles became
pools. It was a timely display of the process his guide was in the
middle of explaining. “Sealevel rise, as I was saying, is not our on
ly source of inundation,” Katherine Hagemann, head of climate
adaptation for MiamiDade County, noted drily.
The threat Miami faces from rising sealevel is wellknown.
The seas off South Florida have risen by almost a foot (30cm) in a
century, more than the global average. Parts of Miami are close to
sealevel, so prone to flooding at high tide. As the ice sheets melt,
another couple of feet of sealevel rise is expected by 2060; per
haps six by 2100. Yet this calamity is only half the city’s problem.
Whenever the watertable rises, groundwater seeps up through
the porous limestone on which it sits. This phenomenon, visible
as the rain fell in the Little River area, causes additional flooding
during the storms that climate change is intensifying. Sure
enough, over the next 48 hours, Tropical Storm Alex dropped 11
inches of water on MiamiDade, a region of 3m people that in
cludes Miami. Its streets turned to rivers, dotted with semisub
merged cars and noxious with runoff from thousands of septic
tanks, whose soakaway systems are often below the watertable.
Miami has no answer to this inundation from without and
within. A seawall, analogous to the Netherlands’ dykes, could
make groundwater flooding worse, by stopping it draining away.
The best course is a medley of partial fixes. These would include
heavy investment in practical solutions, such as extending the
sewer system; longterm planning for higher sealevels, including
a rethinking of building codes and the habitability of parts of Mi
ami; and aggressive steps to mitigate global emissions. Yet none of
these is happening to anything like the necessary degree, because
of Miami’s third disaster: an American governing system that ap
pears incapable of adapting to climateinduced disasters estimat
ed to cost $2trn a year by the end of the century.
If any city should be able to buck that failure, it is Miami. Loved
by the megarich, it has a strong tax base and an economy depen
dent on the threatened real estate. A rational state would scramble
to save it. Yet the policy response to its inundations is defined by
shorttermism, vested interests, inadequate resources, a Hobbes
ian scrum of federal, state, county and city agencies, and denial.
Starting with the obvious, the Republicans, who have run Flori
da since 1999, are an impediment to cutting emissions. The previ
ous governor, Rick Scott, was a climatechange denier. The current
one, Ron DeSantis, is better on local environmental problems, yet
while recently releasing a sealevel plan he dismissed “things like
global warming” as a “pretext to do a bunch of leftwing things”.
That encapsulates not merely the right’s lack of seriousness
about climate but the antigovernment attitude that has driven it
to abandon policymaking generally. Brink Lindsey of the Niska
nen Centre, a thinktank, identifies this as one of the main drivers
of a collapse in state capacity, illustrated, among much else, by
America’s inability to build critical infrastructure, including the
power plants and transmission lines upon which decarbonisation
depends. Such failures do not denote the smaller government Re
publicans claim to want; they represent terrible government,
wrought by their negligence, excessive Democratic faith in regula
tion, and 1,001 bureaucratic workarounds. It amounts, writes Mr
Lindsey, to a “fracturing of government activity into large num
bers of overlapping programmes with responsibility divided up,
and blurred, across multiple agencies and levels of government.”
He might have had Miami’s response to its watery future in
mind. Drive around it with an informed guide and illustrations of
administrative chaos and makeandmend are everywhere. A
staterun causeway across Biscayne Bay is being raised in expecta
tion of 0.7 feet of sealevel rise; a county one in expectation of six
feet. A milelong roadway parallel to the bay marks the route of a
$4.6bn seawall proposed by the Army Corps of Engineers. It was
such a bad idea that the county rejected it—reluctantly, as the feds
would have footed twothirds of the bill, and may not support a
better stormwater proposal from a nonfederal agency.
Last year MiamiDade tried to get a grip on the chaos by releas
ing its own sealevel strategy. Yet the projects it outlines would
cost billions, making it dependent on federal and state funds that
are only minimally available and can take years to arrive. To eradi
cate the septictank problem would cost $4bn. MiamiDade has so
far been promised $100m of the total, from the feds, via the state.
Not that local government is blameless. The closer to voters
government gets, the more it is prey to nimbyism. And because
Florida collects most of its tax revenue from property taxes, its
pandering to propertyowners is especially intense. This might
account for the modesty of MiamiDade’s strategy. An upbeat vi
sion of Floridians working with their watery environment, it had
little to say about the probability of four or six feet of sealevel rise
and the calamity that would entail for the realestate market.
Blame the manatees
In the county’s 34 municipalities, such pressures are even fiercer.
Last year residents of King’s Bay, a rich neighbourhood, were of
fered a $2.75m subsidy to swap their leaky septic tanks for sewer
linkage. They objected furiously to being asked to make a small
contribution to the scheme and blamed faecal pollution of the lo
cal canal on manatees defecating in it. The scheme was scrapped.
The mantra among Miami’s investors is that a solution will be
found. America is innovative and Miami one of its jewels. Yet it is
also a country whose dysfunction has made it almost incapable of
longterm planning—a country, Miami’s visitors shouldknow,
that permits its streets to run with sewage when it rains. Lexing
ton would put his millions, if they existed, on higher ground.n
Lexington
American government is no match for global warming