46 China The Economist June 11th 2022
Hotheadsthreatena cold war
I
t is almosttoo polite to call the deepening rivalry between Chi
na and the Americanled West a new cold war. The original cold
war between America and the Soviet Union was grimly rational: a
nucleararmed confrontation between hostile ideological blocs
which both longed to see the other fail. For all their differences,
China and Western countries profit vastly if unevenly from ex
changes of goods, people and services worth billions of dollars a
year. Their respective leaders know that global problems from cli
mate change to pandemics or nuclear proliferation can only be
solved if they work together. Yet increasingly, interdependency is
not enough to stop one side—often China, but not always—from
starting reckless disputes rooted in suspicion of the other.
A dismaying case in point involves fighter jets of China’s Peo
ple’s Liberation Army (pla), which have in recent months staged
dangerous, highspeed passes to intimidate Western military air
craft in international airspace near China. Chinese pilots have
flown so close that diplomats from America, Australia and Canada
have lodged formal complaints with officials in Beijing. Western
governments recall the crisis caused by a Chinese pilot who died
after colliding with an American spy plane over the South China
Sea in 2001. Going public, Australia’s defence minister accused a
plajet of cutting in front of one of its maritimesurveillance air
craft in the same area on May 26th, before releasing “chaff”—tiny
metalcoated strips meant to confuse radar—that were sucked in
to one of the Australian plane’s engines. For its part, Canada accus
es Chinese fighter jets of endangering one of its maritimepatrol
aircraft flying out of Japan. Canadian officials note that their plane
was on a monthlong mission to detect North Korean smuggling,
including shiptoship fuel transfers at sea, in support of United
Nations sanctions designed to deter North Korea from developing
nuclear missiles. These are sanctions that China approved as a
permanent member of the Security Council. China’s actions “are
putting people at risk while at the same time not respecting deci
sions by the un”, said Canada’s prime minister, Justin Trudeau.
These midair interceptions are worrying evidence of the pla’s
appetite for risk. But defences offered by the Chinese government
point to a still larger problem. Chinese distrust of America and its
allies is so deep that the two camps do not agree about even basicprinciples. When America and Western powers try to discuss rules
to ensure safe encounters in international waters or skies, China’s
response is to growl that foreign warships and planes should stay
far from its shores. Its foreign ministry, which has promoted spo
kespeople who thrill nationalists with shows of contempt for the
West, questions the legitimacy of surveillance missions, though
these are normal for advanced armed forces, as when a Chinese
spy ship loitered 50 nautical miles (93km) from an Australian mil
itary communications base last month. Zhao Lijian, a pugnacious
foreignministry spokesman, said that Australia’s aircraft “seri
ously threatened China’s sovereignty and security”, and called
China’s response “professional, safe, reasonable and legal”. The
defence ministry accused Canada of using sanctions as a pretext
for “provocations against China” and noted that unresolutions on
North Korea offer no mandate for antismuggling operations.
Take a step back, and the row reveals how China and the West
doubt one another’s sincerity when it comes to ridding the Korean
peninsula of nuclear weapons. The un’s nuclear watchdog, the In
ternational Atomic Energy Agency, warned on June 6th that the
first North Korean nuclear test since 2017 may be imminent, not
ing activity at a test site. Markus Garlauskas of Georgetown Uni
versity in Washington was America’s national intelligence officer
for North Korea from 2014 to 2020. He calls Chinese “obstruction
ism” over sanctions enforcement “exactly the wrong message” to
send to North Korea at such a moment. Last month China and Rus
sia vetoed an Americandrafted unresolution tightening sanc
tions on North Korea after it tested ballistic missiles. Western dip
lomats worry that a rare area of agreement with China—a shared
concern about a nucleararmed North Korea—is crumbling.
Such mistrust is mirrored in China, whose diplomats scold
America for failing to offer any incentives for North Korea to re
turn to the negotiating table, after failed summit meetings be
tween Kim Jong Un, the North Korean leader, and Donald Trump,
the president at the time. Zhao Tong, a Beijingbased disarmament
expert with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a re
search institute, reports that a growing number of Chinese schol
ars suspect that America “doesn’t want to resolve the North Kore
an nuclear problem”. Such scholars believe that America is using
the threat from North Korea to rally South Korea and Japan behind
its true goal, namely containing China, says Mr Zhao.Close encounters of the reckless kind
China faces unwelcome choices, says Li Nan, an expert on North
Korea at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He reports that
North Korean officials yearn for a cold war in Asia, believing that
Russia and China would take their side, wrecking the longstand
ing Chinese policy of seeking balanced relations with North and
South Korea, which is an important Chinese trading partner. He
says that China is anxious to avoid an ideological division of Asia,
which would push South Korea and Japan even closer to America.
Indeed, China still supports unsanctions on North Korea, insists
Mr Li. In his telling, China sees Korean disarmament as an area for
cooperation with America, but is losing hope that North Korea is
a priority for Joe Biden, America’s president.
The prospect of North Korea fielding nuclear missiles that can
hit faroff continents—a nightmare that brought China and the
West together at the unas recently as 2017—is no longer enough to
build trust. Meanwhile, the pla tries to use fear to putWestern
powers in their place and show that China plays by differentrules.
It is not a cold war yet. But hotheads are courting disaster.nChaguan
China’s deep distrust of America and the West is making it reckless