members but to be met in a short period of time, and required that China be permitted
to make fewer concessions in the Doha Round and be granted a longer implemen-
tation period, etc.^3 In addition, China had no particularly important special appeals
and only emphasized that trade liberalization should take into account the interests of
the developing members and more attention should be paid to development orien-
tation. Most of the more than 100 proposals submitted by China concerned nego-
tiations regarding rules, such as the sunset clause for antidumping, afishery subsidy,
trade facilitation, improvement of dispute settlement mechanisms, etc.
The EU made explicit appeals during the negotiations, mainly aiming at: in
non-agriculturalfields, the expansion of access to the market for industrial goods,
reducing tariffs, especially those for developed countries and emerging countries
such as China, Brazil and India; in agriculturalfields, reforming the agricultural
subsidy policies of all developed countries; in thefield of trade in services, the
expansion of access to the market; in the intellectual propertyfield, strengthening
the protection of geographical indications; in thefield of rules, further improvement
of subsidy rules, developing new trade defense instrument rules; in the trade
facilitationfield, improving the trade facilitation rules; in the developmentalfield,
removing restrictions to market access for the least developed countries as far as
possible, developing a new global“aid for trade”program.^4
6.1.3 Consensuses and Disagreements
6.1.3.1 Consensuses
Though China was not as eager and enthusiastic as the EU to the launching of the
Doha Round, China welcomed and supported this launch. Like the EU, China
hoped that the Doha Round would end as soon as possible and yield meaningful
balanced achievements.
First, with regard to negotiation mode and results, both sides believed that the
single undertaking mode should be adopted and disagreed with sector-specific
liberalization or plurilateral agreements to safeguard the unified application and
general validity of negotiation achievements. As negotiations were repeatedly
deadlocked, both sides supported the promotion of the“early harvest”mode and
stressed that negotiations should be based on the Doha Mandate and achievements
which had been made.
Second, on specific issues, as both China and the EU abound in geographical
indication resources, China and the EU shared common interests in intellectual
property protection for geographical indications. Negotiations involved two issues
concerning geographical indications: negotiations regarding a multilateral
(^3) Seehttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/negotiating_groups_e.htm.
(^4) Seehttp://ec.europa.eu/trade/creatingopportunities/euandwto/doha/.
120 L. Heng