was 3.7 %, France’s was 3.1 %, Spain’s was 2.7 %, and Italy’s was 2.6 %. The
Chinese Mainland, Hong Kong and the UK were mutually the largest and second
largest LCEGS import and export sources. In 2010–2011, the UK’s imports from
the Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong were 464 million pounds and 403 million
pounds respectively, accounting for 7 and 6 % of its total imports respectively;
exports were 794 million pounds and 591 million pounds respectively, accounting
for 7 and 5 % of total exports respectively.^2
Clean energy technology manufacturing, low-carbon environmental services and
carbon credit trading are areas in which China and the EU cooperate more.
9.1.1 Clean Energy Technology Manufacturing Sector
Globally, the clean energy technology sector is developing very rapidly, with a
scale equivalent to that of the electronic consumer goods sector. In 2011, the scale
of the clean energy technology sector had almost doubled compared with 2008 and
reached 198 billion EUR; it grew annually by 31 % during the years 2008–2010,
much higher than the global GDP growth rate. According to expert forecasts, the
scale of the clean energy technology market will be 240–290 billion EUR by 2015,
comparable to the oil and gas equipment market.^3
Wind power, solar energy and biomass energy are the three most important
sectors on the clean technology manufacturing market.
Based on absolute values, China is the largest clean technology country in the
world. In 2011, the sales value of China’s clean technology sector hit 57 billion
EUR. China’s clean technology manufacturing sector can meet more than 25 % of
the global demand; China was ranked No. 1 in terms of contribution from the solar
photovoltaic industry. The USA, Germany, Japan and Demark were ranked No. 2,
No. 3 No. 4 and No. 6 respectively in terms of clean technology in the world. Based
on relative values, Demark, China and Germany were ranked No. 1, No. 2 and
No. 3 respectively. High-ranking EU countries also include: the Czech Republic
(No. 6), Spain (No. 7), Slovenia (No. 8), Latvia (No. 9), Lithuania (No. 11),
Belgium (No. 12) and Finland (No. 13).^4
(^2) “Low Carbon Environmental Goods & Services Report for 2010/11,”Commissioned by the
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, U.K., May 2012.
(^3) Global Clean Energy Technology Manufacturing Development Report, Issue 3,http://www.
rolandberger.com.cn/news/local/2012-06-08-clean_economy.html.
(^4) Clean Economy, Living Planet, The Race to the Top of Global Clean Energy Technology
Manufacturing 2012, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 06/2012,http://www.rolandberger.com.
Ranking of absolute values is obtained according to the sales values of the clean energy tech-
nology manufacturing industry chain in countries or territories. The industry chain includes
manufacturing input such as material silicon and special machinery, intermediate products such as
solar batteries andfinal products such as wind turbines, heat pumps and biofuel. The ranking of
relative values is obtained according to the proportion of the clean energy technology manufac-
turing industry in the national economy. In this report,“clean energy”technology includes most of
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