INDEX | 227Firmicus Maternus, Christian apologist, 200
Freud, S., psychoanalyst, 29
Gaius, jurist, 167
Galen, physician, 127, 142, 143, 149
Gaza, 120
Germanic successor kingdoms, 113
Ghazālī, philosopher, 68, 163, 211, 212, 215
Giardina, A., historian, 45, 47, 49, 50, 83
Gibbon, E., historian, 5–8, 13, 14–15, 21–23,
53, 92–93, 164n1, 166, 215–16, 219–20
Gilgamesh, Epic of, 93
Grabar, O., art historian, 44
Greek colonization, 96
Gregorian code, 168, 171
Gutas, D., historian, 157n145
hadīth, 65, 154, 191–95
hajj, 115
Hajjāj, Umayyad governor, 190
Halbwachs, M., sociologist, 40n89
Hanbalis, legal community, 157, 163
harmonization of Plato with Aristotle, 132–33,
140, 158, 161, 187n112
Harrān, 117, 126, 150, 152–53, 209
Hārūn al- Rashīd, caliph, 173
Heather, P., historian, 45, 88
Heraclius, Roman emperor, 10, 103, 122
Hermes Trismegistus, 21, 31
Hermogenian code, 168, 171
hijra dating, 78, 80, 85
Himyar, 121
Hippocrates, 149
historiography, Arabic, 194–95
Hodgson, M., historian, 90n118
Homer, poet, 52, 203
homiletics, 165, 183–84
Horden, P., and Purcell, N., The corrupting sea,
88
Huns, 116, 118, 122
Iahdun- Lim, king of Mari, 93
Ibn ʿAbbās, Companion of Muhammad, 191
Ibn al- Muqaffaʿ, scholar, 155
Ibn Hanbal, traditionist, 157, 194, 209
Ibn Hawqal, geographer, 117, 118, 153
Ibn Ishāq, biographer of Muhammad, 69, 76–78,
81, 195
Ibn Khurradādhbih, geographer, 118
Ibn Nāʾima al- Himsī, translator, 158
Ibn Rushd, philosopher, 212
Ibn Saʿdī, theologian, 208–9, 211
Ibn Sīnā, philosopher, 115, 160–63, 199, 206,
210n51, 211, 212, 214, 215
Incarnation, era of. See BC/AD dating
India: Christianity in, 125–26; Islam in, 215;
scientific literature in, 202; study of, 199
Indian Ocean, 119, 124
Institutes, 170
International Congress of Historical Sciences,
Brussels (1923), 38
Iran. See Achaemenids, Sasanians
Iranian Commonwealth, 110–11, 215
Iranian identity, 199–204, 215
Isaac of Nineveh, theologian, 177
Isagoge. See Porphyry
Ishāq al- Isrāʾīlī, physician, philosopher, 180
Isidore of Charax, historian, 121
Isidore of Seville, scholar, 140, 145–46
İskenderun (Alexandretta), 94–95
Islam, 188–97; apologetic, 154; conversion to,
114; legal communities in, 193–94; see also
kalām, mutakallimūn, Qurʾān, Sunni- Shiite
schism, Sunnism
Islamic Commonwealth, 114–16, 125, 159–60,
215
Ismaʿilis, 205Jacob of Edessa, scholar, 75, 80, 143, 144, 147
Jafnids (Ghassanids), 112
Jāhiz, Arabic writer, 151–52
Jerome, theologian, 185–86
Jerusalem: destruction of (70 CE), 73, 99n30; in
Pisa, 216–17
Jerusalem/Palestinian Talmud, 174, 178
Jesus: a Roman citizen, 75; as prophet, 182;
Mani on, 188–89; in Islam, 4, 40n89, 182
John Chrysostom, theologian, 74, 185
John of Damascus, theologian, 77, 149, 152,
186, 188
John of Ephesus, historian, 112
John Philoponus, philosopher, 135, 160, 211
Johnson, S., gossip, 22
Jones, A. H. M., historian, 39, 40
Juba II of Mauritania, king, historian, 121
Judaism: in Babylonia, 105, 110–11; rabbinic,
173–81, 189, 191n134, 193; separation of
Christianity and Islam from, 56
Julius Africanus, Sextus, scholar, 74
Justinian I, Roman emperor, 11, 12, 57, 103,
122, 166, 174, 183, 186, 201
Justinianic code, 12, 57, 170