INDEX | 229Paul the Persian, scholar, 134, 142, 147
Persian Gulf, 119, 120
Persian language, 110n58
Petra, 120
Petrarch, poet, 51
Philo of Alexandria, theologian, 180
Philoxenus of Mabbug, theologian, 141
Phoenicians, 95–96
Pirenne, H., 38–39, 99
Pisa, 216–18
Plato, Platonism 96, 127, 129, 131–36, 139,
144–45, 158–59, 160, 184, 187n112, 206;
ms. Parisinus graecus 1807, 51; Timaeus,
135, 139, 211, 222. See also harmonization
of Plato and Aristotle
Plotinus, philosopher, 129, 130, 131–32, 158,
160
Pocock, J., historian, 8n25, 220
Polybius, historian, 68
Porphyry, philosopher, 52, 127, 130, 131–33,
139–40, 144, 145, 160,164
Pourshariati, P., historian, 7n22, 219
Pre- Islam: Muslim historiography of, 79. See also
Ibn Ishāq
Proclus, philosopher, 134, 135, 144, 158, 211
Procopius of Caesarea, historian, 122
prophecy, 56–57, 128, 182, 189
Pumbedita Academy, 177, 178–79, 193
Qenneshre, monastery, 143, 150
Qurʾān, 189–91; created/uncreated, 156–57,
211; exegesis of, 154–57, 189–93; formation
of, 48; influences Christian Arabic theologi-
cal vocabulary, 187; name applied to Jewish
scriptures, 181; on Christians and Jews, 56,
113, 138–39, 146–47, 178, 181, 186, 187,
188, 207; source of law, 173; translation into
Latin, 212
Qusayr ʿAmra, Umayyad bath house, 25, 77, 220
Randsborg, K., archaeologist, 87–88
rationalism, 154–55, 158, 160, 163, 179–80,
208–9; of Muhammad/Islam, 23, 216, 222
Red Sea, 119, 120
Reitzenstein, R., historian, 31
“religion”, invention of concept, 185
renaissances, 214
Riegl, A., art historian, 26–27, 32, 33–37, 39,
43–44
Rivoira, G., architectural historian, 25
Roman Empire, 101–3; and Christian Church,
49, 69, 70–75; aspiration to universality of,
100; identity formation, 168–69; in ancient
historiography, 68–69, 74; relations with
eastern neighbors, especially Iran, 102–3,
104, 121–24, 200. See also East Roman
Commonwealth, East Romans
Roman law, 166–73, 223
Romanocentricity in art history, 25–26, 28, 29,
31, 32, 37
Rome: Arch of Constantine, 27, 71; bishop of,
113; philosophy at, 130, 148
Rostovtzeff, M., historian, 43
Russia, 114n77Saadia Gaon, theologian, philosopher, 180–81,
202
Safavid Empire, 1, 9, 34, 53, 115, 123
Sale, G., Arabist, 8
Samanids, 114
Sāmarrāʾ, 34
Samuel ben Hofni Gaon, rabbi, 181n82
Sargon, king of Akkad, 93
Sasanians: and Achaemenids, 105; culture of,
202; nature of empire, 110; relations with
Rome, 102–3, 104, 121–24, 200; royal ide-
olog y, 119n102; viewed from Rome, 73, 80
Scepsis (Troad), 130
Schiavone, A., historian, 44–45
Schmidtke, S., Arabist, 222
scripture, 56–57, 189
Seleuceia (Syria), 94–95
Seljuks, 115, 125, 214, 215
Sepphoris: as rabbinic center, 193
Sergius of Reshʿaina, scholar, 141–42, 144, 153
Severus Sebokht, scholar, 143
Shāfiʿī, legal scholar, 191–92, 193
Shahnameh, 203–4, 215
Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria, 93–94
Shapur I, Sasanian emperor, 102, 105, 125, 202
Shiism, 195–96. See also Sunni- Shiite schism,
Zaydi Shiʿism
Shuʿūbīya movement, 199
Silk Road, 32, 39, 88
Simeon of Beth- Arsham, miaphysite missionary,
112–13
Simplicius, philosopher, 131, 132, 133, 135
Spain, 6n14, 76n70, 77, 103, 192, 217
Stein, E., historian, 40
Stephanus, philosopher, 150n111, 154n124
Strzygowski, J., art historian, 28–33, 35–37, 38,
40, 41, 42–43, 220