The Economist

36 Middle East and Africa The EconomistJuly 21 st 2018

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FEWmilesfrom thegreengrass of Mau-

ritania’s presidential palace in a slum

where the Sahara washes into the capital

Mbarkashields herfive-year-oldson’seyes

from the dust. She was his age when her

mothergave her away to be a slave.

Mbarka’s mother was herself a freed

slave. But when her former master said he

needed help at home tradition dictated

thatshehadtogiveupherdaughtertohim.

Mbarka didall the chores shecouldbut the

family still beat her. She doesn’t remember

how old she was when the father and his

son started to rape her but she had her first

child at 13.

Mauritania with its tiny economy and

population of just 4.3m would normally

attract little attention. But its vast ex-

panse—it is four times larger than Britain—

and its position astride migration and

smuggling routes across the Sahara have

pushed it to prominence. This month

France’s president Emmanuel Macron

visited it to discuss co-operation in fighting

jihadists.Mauritaniais amemberofthe G 5

Sahel a regional counter-terrorist force

with troops from five countries. And it is

the biggest recipient per head of money

from an EUfund for Africa that is aimed at

reducingmigration.

Yet Europe’s growing relations with

Mauritania are accompanied by silence

concerning its record on human rights and

democracy. Its president Mohamed Ould

Abdel Aziz came to power in a coup in

2008. His government arrests opponents

and has sentenced one to death for aposta-

sy. A court has since commuted the sen-

tence and ordered the man’s release.

Perhaps most shameful is its reluctance

to curb ethnic discrimination and slavery.

Mauritania is deeplydivided alonglines of

caste and ethnicity and between former

slave-owners and ex-slaves. In 2017 the

UN’s Special Rapporteur on extreme pov-

erty Philip Alston noted that two of the

main ethnic groups Haratines and Afro-

Mauritians which together make up two-

thirds of the population are absent “from

almost all positions of real power”; nearly

all important positions are filled by the

Beydane or Arab Berbers.

Although slavery was abolished in 1981

and criminalised in 2007  the “spiritofslav-

ery” lives on says Balla Touré an anti-slav-

ery activist. People may be legally free but

discrimination social pressure poor edu-

cation and the lack of identity papers

mean that thousands still live in de facto

slavery says Mr Touré.

The Global Slavery Index compiled by

the WalkFree Foundation in Australia said

that in 2016 some 43  000 people or 1 % of

the population were slaves. SOSEsclaves

a local anti-slavery organisation reckons

the real figure is much higher.

Forits part the governmentdenies slav-

ery or racial discrimination still exist. Un-

der pressure it has set up four slavery

courts but these have convicted only five

people since 2015 for slaving offences.

None ofthem served more than two years.

The government is far more energetic in

suppressing anti-slavery protesters arrest-

ingmore ofthem thanactual slavers. There

have been at least 168 arrests of human-

rights campaigners from July 2014 to July

2018  says Amnesty International a hu-

man-rights organisation. Two leading anti-

slavery activists Moussa Biram and Ab-

dallahi Matallah have been tortured and

kept in prison for two years. The govern-

ment’s reluctance to act against slavery is

easy to explain says Mamadou Sarr a di-

rector of the National Forum of Human

Rights Organisations: almost everyone in

power has someone in his family who is a

former slave-owner.

Campaigning even on other issues is

risky. Last year Oumou Kane the founder

of Amam a women’s-rights group led a

protest asking the government to issue

identity documents to poor people. Only

70 people attended the march but the po-

lice still arrested ten ofits leaders.

Outside her wooden shack Mbarka

says she eventually escaped with the

slaver family’s driver. She had to leave her

children behind and was not reunited

with them until years later. “I try not to

hate” she says staring at her nails painted

a fiery orange but the pain in her voice is

louder than her words. 7

Slavery in Mauritania

Slave to its past

NOUAKCHOTT

Protesters against slaveryareoften

jailed whileslavers walkfree

Almost born a slave

clinics are popping up in wealthy parts of

Lagos. “You buy an incubator you go on

television and if you’re good-looking

you’ll get patients” says Dr Ajayi disap-

provingly. Mr and Mrs Akanni face similar-

ly strong competition from other religious

healers. “Jesus gives miracle babies here”

reads a placard on a nearbychurch.

Many Nigerian women struggle to con-

ceive because they have been harmed by

sexually transmitted diseases such as chla-

mydia or by infections picked up during

unhygienic abortions or previous deliv-

eries. Others have infertile partners. One

study of 246 couples seeking fertility treat-

ment in a Lagos hospital found that 52 % of

the men had a lowsperm count oranother

problem that made it hard to conceive.

Few men however will countenance

the idea that the problem lies with them.

Infertility is “a one-sided thing” says Kemi

Ailoje who founded the Lifelink Fertility

Clinic in Lagos two years ago. The notion

that barrenness is a female malady is so

strong she says that many women are ob-

liged to pay for treatment out of their own

pockets. They often turn up in her clinic in

their early 40 s because it is only at that

stage of life that they have amassed

enough money.

Women have good reason to spend

their savings. One study in Kano a north-

ern city found that 38 % of women seeking

fertility treatment in a hospital had been

physically or verbally abused. Just 7 % of

pregnant women said the same. Other

women are abandoned or displaced. Dr

Ajayi says that manymen in childless mar-

riages will remarry. It is only after they fail

to impregnate their second or third wives

that they seek medical help. As a result al-

most all the men who enter his clinic turn

out to have fertility problems.

Medical treatmentcan be expensive es-

pecially when both partners have pro-

blems. A single IVF cycle in a Lagos clinic

costs around 1 m naira ($2800) which is

cheaper than in the West but far out of

reach of the average Nigerian. Because so

many clients are in their 40 s treatment is

often unsuccessful. Dr Ailoje says that

many infertile couples could have been

treated fairly easily and cheaply had they

sought help earlier. But many are unaware

of the science of fertility and neither the

Nigerian government nor aid agencies

have tried hard to educate them.

So the pastors and the traditional heal-

ers thrive. In Sango Ota another town on

the outskirts ofLagos Prophet Okanlawon

Mayowa of the Cherubim and Seraphim

church sees between one and three new

clients per month. He charges 50  000 -

100  000 naira for treatments that include

saying prayers over water which infertile

couples then drink. He also uses herbs.

Yourcorrespondentaskswhich ones. Why

jokes MrMayowa—is he thinkingofgetting

into the fertility business too? 7