235Note: Italic page numbers refer to figures and
tables.
Acachinanco, 64
Acatliapanecatl, Baltásar, 200
Acolhua, 37, 52, 55
Acuecuexatl stone, 67–69, 67
Acuecuexco: aqueduct of, 64–67, 65 , 68, 69, 70,
71, 191, 196, 198, 202, 216n52, 216n67; springs
at, 53, 61, 198
agency: attribution of, 60, 65; indigenous agency
in colonial period, 15; of indigenous peoples,
180; and Nahua concepts of teotl and teixiptla,
60–61, 66–67, 69, 71; of sacred bundles,
66–67; spatial agency of Mexica rulers, 59–61
ahuehuetl (cypress tree), 32, 33, 63–64, 71, 100,
123–124, 177, 205
Ahuitzotl (r. 1486-1502): and Acuecuexatl stone,
67–69, 67 ; and Acuecuexco aqueduct, 64–65,
69, 191, 196; and aquatic infrastructure, 37,
38–40, 41, 41 , 64, 191, 196, 198; Barnes on,
216n63; coronation of, 59, 62; dike of, 38–41,
41 , 69, 75, 128, 129 , 199–202; feather costumes
of, 55; flow of water connected with figure
of ruler, 24; monuments created under, 71;
name glyph for, 138; performances of, 53; in
Plano Parcial de la Ciudad de México, 77,
79 ; processions of, 59, 60; and Quetzalcoatl,
69, 216n67; rule of, 52; as teixiptla of
Chalchiuhtlicue, 67–68, 69
Alcántara Gallegos, Alejandro, 18
altepeme (city-states): and aquatic infrastructure,
45; ceremonial centers of, 18, 57; ciudades
compared to, 131; in Codex Osuna, 134 ,
135; as ideal physical space, 30, 31, 33–34,
210; as ideal political space, 15, 30–34, 51,
210; indigenous gobernadores as guardians
of, 99; Mexica’s search for, 30–34, 51; and
Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 99, 118, 124–125;
Nahua political ideologies of, 10; residents
supporting local nobility, 52; as result of
actions of rulers and ethnic groups, 10;
and roots of Santiago Tlatelolco, 99; and
succession of Mexica rulers, 57; temple
complexes of, 124–125, 220–221n38; Templo
Mayor as model for, 15, 50, 51, 205, 207;
within Tenochtitlan, 18; Tlaloc worshipped
in, 42; tlatoque as metonym for, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10;
translation as water hill, 10, 23, 51, 193, 205,
210; and tributary labor, 110, 149; and Triple
Alliance of 1428, 20–21, 37, 61; and wars of
Spanish Conquest, 75
Alvarado, Pedro de, 14, 14 , 96–97
Alvarez, J. M., Plano de la Ciudad de México,
88, 88 , 89, 109
Alzate, José Antonio, 136, 138, 140
Amanalco, 106, 219n27
Amatlan, 106
Anales de Juan Bautista, 175, 220n53, 224n76
Anales de Tlatelolco, 72
anamnesis, 14
aquatic infrastructure: Acuecuexco aqueduct,
64–67, 65 , 68, 69, 70, 71, 216n52, 216n67; and
agriculture, 17, 37, 39; building outward into
lake, 39; canals of, 17 , 23, 28, 34, 38, 41, 53, 55,
61, 64, 65, 66, 70, 72, 75, 77, 80, 84, 193, 194,
197, 216n35; Chapultepec aqueduct, 23, 51,
53, 58, 59, 61–63, 63 , 64, 72, 75, 80, 94, 97, 116,
191, 216n26, 217n19; and chinampas, 17, 34,
34 , 35; dikes of, 15, 35, 36 , 37, 38, 39, 40–42,
41 , 52, 58, 64, 69, 75, 81, 193, 194, 196, 197,
199–202; Durán on, 37; effect of Spanish
Conquest on, 38, 39, 75–77, 86, 210; and
Franciscans, 202; and indigenous cabildo of
Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 190–191, 199, 226n65;
indigenous technologies of, 73, 199–202, 210;maintenance of, 193; in Map of Santa Cruz,
39–42, 40 , 41 ; and metro system, 23; Mexica
rulers connected with, 27, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51,
53, 71; of post-Conquest cities, 9; of pre-
Conquest cities, 15, 16 ; and Spanish cabildo,
193–194, 196, 197–203; and Tlacaelel, 62
Aquiaguacatl, Juan, 199–200
Arias, Diego, 206
Aristotle, 14
Armijo Torres, Ricardo, 216n26
Ars Memorativa, 121
artists, indigenous: copying from print models,
104, 105, 173; Dürer on, 106; Florentine
Codex on, 155–156; and guilds, 169; pigments
used by, 40–41; and processions, 171; spatial
templates of, 49; tribute paid by painters in
Genaro García 30, 154–155, 155 , 160; tribute
paid by sculptors in Genaro García 30, 154–
155, 154 , 160. See also feathers and featherwork
Atarazanas, 218n74
Atzacoalco: as altepetl, 18, 57, 73, 128; and dike
of Nezahualcoyotl, 38. See also San Sebastián
Atzacoalco
audiencia. See Real Audiencia (royal court)
Augustinians, 113, 178
Ávila brothers, 224n52
Axayacatl (r. 1468–1481): descendants of, 100,
191, 205; palace of, 76, 112; in Plano Parcial de
la Ciudad de México, 77, 79 ; rule of, 52
axes: alignment with sun, 102; of built
environment, 15; Christian axes, 175–178, 212;
of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 127; and Oath of
Allegiance of 1557, 180–182; and processions,
24, 58–59, 94, 95–96, 98, 169–171, 173–180,
189; streams as, 33, 51; and Templo Mayor,
127; and tianguis, 86, 88; visual and conceptual
importance of, 127
Ayoticpac, 97, 176–177