236 • The deaTh of azTec TenochTiTLan, The Life of mexico ciTy
ayuntamiento (“city hall”), 77, 101
Azcapotzalco, 37, 61, 75, 191
Aztaxochitl, Diego, 208
Aztec Empire: Map of, 21, 22 , 37, 53; and Triple
Alliance of 1428, 20–21, 37, 52, 55, 61, 64, 75
Aztlan, in Tira de la Peregrinación, 26–27, 26 , 31
Balbuena, Bernardo de, 2, 3, 212
Barnes, William, 46, 67–68, 216n63
barrios (neighborhoods), 133, 135, 136–137, 174.
See also tlaxilacalli (neighborhoods)
Basque community, 208
Beinecke Map: pigments used by indigenous
artists, 40–41; ruler list, 100, 101 , 102, 139, 156,
157, 163–164; smallholders, 165, 166
Bejarano, Ignacio, 217n19, 217n24, 217n35,
217n42, 218n69, 220n57
Biombo Portraying a View of the Palace of the
Viceroy in Mexico City, 2, 2 , 13, 18, 24, 86
Boturini Benaduci, Lorenzo, 218n54
Boyer, Richard, 194
Bridge of the Wars, 179
built environment: and architectural history, 9,
11; construction by indigenous laborers, 73; as
lived space, 13; and place-names, 97, 218n74;
post-Conquest sharing features with pre-
Conquest Tenochtitlan, 73; representations of
Mexica rulers in, 52; spatial continuities of, 17,
125–126; survival of, 9, 18; visual axes of, 15
cabildo (indigenous town council): and aquatic
infrastructure, 191, 199, 226n65; arcade in
Tianguis of Mexico as rental income for,
157, 205; and building of tecpan, 108, 187;
indigenous elites of, 99, 102, 157, 164, 168, 169;
and indigenous lands, 94, 208; jurisdiction of,
205, 206, 226n73; and mitotes, 185–186, 187;
payment of members, 187; and processions,
179, 180; structure of, 15; and Tianguis of
Mexico, 93, 207, 226n73; and tribute system
reform, 188–189; use of “ciudad,” 131, 135
cabildo (Spanish town council): Actas de cabildo,
86, 97, 108, 180, 181, 196, 197, 202; and aquatic
infrastructure, 193–194, 196, 197–203;
ayuntamiento as meeting place of, 77; building
methods of, 194; and ceremonial practices,
94, 95–96, 126, 218n70; Cervantes de Salazar
as historian of, 211; and Chapultepec fortress,
194; on epidemics, 203; expansionism of,
103, 105; and food crisis in Mexico City, 157;
and Franciscans, 113, 116; and indigenous
gobernadores, 130; jurisdiction of, 99, 105,
205–206, 226n72; and Laguna of Mexico’s
fill project, 194; and land grants, 93, 94, 97,
101; and Mendoza as viceroy, 101; payments
made for lime for Chapultepec aqueduct,
203, 203 ; and place-names, 97, 131, 132, 135; and
processions, 169; relationship with indigenous
government, 113; and religious festivals,
170; and ritual of reenactment, 95; Spanish
precedents for, 102; storefronts constructed
for rental income, 157; structure of, 15;
Tejada’s land grant from, 158; and Tianguis
of Mexico, 80, 84, 86, 93, 94; and Valeriano’s
request to build Chapultepec aqueduct, 191
Cabrera C., Rubén, 63
cajas de comunidades (indigenous treasuries),
126, 178
Calendar Stone, 69
Calnek, Edward, 17, 108, 137, 140
Cano, Juan, 97
Cantares Mexicanos, 28
Caplan, Harry, 220n24
Carballal Staedtler, Margarita, 38, 39, 215n41
Carmelites, 178
Caro, Juan, 186, 188
Carvallo, Cristóbal de, Map of the Tianguis of
Mexico, 86, 87 , 88, 89, 204, 206
Casas, Bartolomé de las, 1, 3, 160
Casey, Edward, 174, 223n25
Caso, Alfonso: Map of Tenochtitlan and
Tlatelolco, 17, 136–137, 136 , 138, 221n17; on
Teocalli of Sacred Warfare, 45, 48, 216n71;
and tlaxicalli, 140; on tributary population
counts, 221n50; on use of pre-Hispanic
temples in post-Conquest churches, 124–125,
220–221n38
Castañeda de la Paz, María, 15, 102, 219n8, 219n9,
222n41
Castro Gutiérrez, Felipe, 15
Cathedral of Mexico: building project of, 76–77,
108, 117, 194, 199, 211; and processions, 173, 177,
179; and Trasmonte’s “Forma y Levantado de
la Ciudad de México,” 128
Catholic Church: architecture of churches, 73;
art patrons of, 104; disputes over tithes, 164,
178, 222n63; festivals of, 94, 95–96, 169; and
Liberal Reform Laws, 117; and secularization,
178–180, 223n43, 224n55. See also Christian
conversion; Franciscans
Catholic patron saints: circulation of holy image,
173–174; and cofradías, 156, 169, 173, 223n20;
and feast day psalms, 96; feasts of, 95–96,
168; indigenous role in choice of, 125–126;
and place-names of Mexico City, 73; and
place-names of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 125, 137,
152, 153, 156, 165; and Trasmonte’s “Forma y
Levantado de la Ciudad de México,” 128, 129
causeways: Ahuitzotl dike, 39–42, 41 , 75;
arable land with Tenochtitlan, 39; bridges
spanning breaks in, 18, 75; Chapultepec
causeway, 85, 86, 127; construction of, 15,
37–39, 40, 41, 52, 71; in Covarrubias’s View
of the Valley of Mexico, 25, 25 ; and creation
of Laguna of Mexico, 37; as dikes, 35, 58;
and Laguna of Mexico, 37; lived spaces of,
58, 73; maintenance of, 193; in Map of pre-
Hispanic Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, 16 ,
17, 38; in Map of Tenochtitlan from Cortés’s
Second Letter, 17 , 18, 40; Mexica escapingSpanish Conquest along, 72; Mexicaltzinco
causeway/dike, 35, 37; Nezahualcoyotl dike,
38–42, 41 , 75, 215n41; Piedad causeway, 86,
127, 221n51; processions along, 21, 58, 177;
San Juan causeway, 86, 88, 127, 191, 194, 207;
separating altepeme of Tenochtitlan, 18, 57;
Spanish construction of houses along, 94,
97; Tepeyacac causeway, 37–39, 40, 58, 69;
and wars of Spanish Conquest, 75. See also
Ixtapalapa causeway; Tacuba causeway;
Tlacopan causeway
Cecetzin, Cristóbal de Guzmán (r. 1557–1562):
in Codex Tlatelolco, 180, 181 , 182; as
gobernador, 77, 166–167, 205; in Plano Parcial
de la Ciudad de México, 77, 79
Cerro de la Estrella, 35
Certeau, Michel de: on cities as space, 10–12;
on city as lived practice, 11, 12; on imaginary
totalizations of cities, 10–12; on paths of
walking, 169, 211; on place-names, 96, 130, 138;
on representations of city, 10–11
Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco, 181, 183, 191, 209,
211, 218n45
Cevallos, Luis de, 208, 226n84
chacmool with Tlaloc mask, 42, 42 , 47–48
Chalchiuhtlicue (female water deity): and
Acuecuexatl stone, 67, 68; and Acuecuexco
aqueduct, 65–66, 68; on back face of Teocalli
of Sacred Warfare, 47–49, 47 , 50, 51, 70, 131;
in Codex Borbonicus, 43–44, 44 , 65, 66,
67; conquest of, 45, 47–49, 50, 51; floods
associated with, 43–44; lakes and streams
associated with, 42, 47; movement of
groundwater associated with, 43–44, 49, 50 ,
51; and origin histories, 45; stone sculptures
of, 42–43, 43 , 44, 47, 48, 51; teixiptla of, 66,
67–68, 69
Chalco: city, 35, 37, 127; lake, 35, 39, 41
Chapultepec: as altepetl model, 51, 61, 175;
Botanical Garden of, 69; causeway of, 85,
86, 127; ceremonial buildings adjacent to
aqueducts, 69; in Codex Aubin, 9, 9 , 31, 61;
as conceptual model for lived spaces, 31;
fortress of, 194; freshwater aqueducts from,
23, 51, 53, 58–59, 61–63, 63 , 64, 72, 75, 80, 94,
97, 116, 163, 191, 197, 202–205, 203 , 204 , 207,
208, 216n26, 217n19; freshwater springs of, 23,
31, 61–64, 71, 75, 127, 197, 205; glyph of, 9, 9 ,
31, 193; history of, 23; Map of, 63, 63 , 71, 197;
Mexica rulers’ associated with, 61, 62–64, 71;
and processions, 60; representations of, 61;
and San Juan causeway, 86, 88; sculptures
on, 23, 61–62, 62 , 63, 70, 71, 80; and tales of
Mexica migration, 50, 61, 71; in Tira de la
Peregrinación, 30–31, 31 , 61, 70; and Tlacopan
causeway, 58; water for Tenochtitlan from, 23,
51, 53, 61–62
Charles V (king of Spain, r. 1519–1557): coat of
arms for Mexico City, 129; Cortés’s letters
to, 1, 10, 17, 27, 75, 131, 211; funeral ceremonies