240 • The deaTh of azTec TenochTiTLan, The Life of mexico ciTy
and mitotes, 59; and processions, 24, 58–59,
60, 174–175, 177, 208; and representations
of space, 18, 27, 29, 31, 41, 60, 211; symbol
of tianquiztli, 12, 12 ; of Templo Mayor, 29;
of Tenochtitlan, 15, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 42, 52;
visibility of, 13
Lizardi Ramos, César, 69, 216n49, 216n52
Lockhart, James, 15, 18, 175, 216n18
Lombardo, Sonia, 14
López, Gerónimo, 199
López Austin, Alfredo, 28–29
López de Gómara, Francisco, 80, 217n23
López de Montealegre, Diego, 181, 181
López Mora, Rebeca, 15
Louis XIV (king of France), 52
Lugo, Juanes de, 205
Lupher, David, 123
Magaloni Kerpel, Diana, 40–41
Malinalxochitl, 31
Manrique de Zúñiga, Álvaro (r. 1585–1590), 207
Map from Zolipa, Misantla, Veracruz, 49, 50 , 193
Map of Aztec Empire, 21, 22 , 37, 53
Map of Chapultepec waterworks, 63, 63 , 71, 197
Map of Mexico City’s processional routes,
175–177, 176
Map of pre-Hispanic Tenochtitlan and
Tlatelolco, 16 , 17, 38, 51, 57, 58, 61, 69
Map of Santa Cruz: dating of, 40, 108; dikes of
Ahuitzotl and Nezahualcoyotl, 40–41, 41 ,
200; lived spaces in, 39–42; as pictographic-
alphabetic manuscript, 13; pigments used
in, 40–41; and place-names, 97, 138; and
San Pablo Teopan, 110–111; and Santa
María Cuepopan church, 179; tecpan on,
108; Tianguis in, 84–85, 85 , 86, 94, 108, 127;
view of, 39–40, 40 , 138
Map of sixteenth-century Mexico City, 74, 74
Map of Tenochtitlan from Cortés’s Second
Letter, 17–18, 17 , 28, 39, 58, 61, 105–106
Map of the Mexico City metro, 18, 19 , 20, 20 , 21,
23, 212
Map of the Plaza Mayor, 76, 76 , 77, 93, 113, 210
Map of the properties of Lázaro Pantecatl and
Ana Tepi, 138, 139–140, 139 , 140 , 151
Map of the Valley of Mexico, xii, 23, 35, 37, 58,
61, 63
Map showing chinampas, 34, 34
Maps of the Tianguis of Mexico: by Cristóbal de
Carvallo, 86, 87 , 88, 89, 204, 206; by unknown
creator, 88–89, 89 , 94, 206, 207
Marin, Louis, 52
Martínez, Miguel, 198
Mass of Saint Gregory: as featherwork, 103–107,
103 , 108, 114, 171, 173, 210; framing text of,
104–105, 106, 107, 113, 173; as gift, 105–107,
113; and Huanitzin, 103–107, 103 , 113, 114, 119,
160, 210; and image of indigenous elites, 108,
113; miraculous vision of Christ in, 106, 107;
orthodox imagery of, 113; as representation of
space, 105, 107
Mass of Saint Gregory, engraving, 104, 104
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, 29, 51, 216n70
Mauss, Marcel, 59
Maximilian (Holy Roman Emperor), 118
Maxtla (Tepanec ruler), 37
Maya, 48, 55
Mellitus, 119
memory: Christian conversion disconnecting
from past idolatry, 116, 118–119, 121–124;
construction of collective memory, 174, 211,
223n25; habitual memory, 14, 116; individual
capacity for, 14–15; and mnemonic devices,
50, 97, 104, 116, 119, 120–121, 211; place memory,
14, 49, 116; and Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana,
119–123, 124
Mendieta, Gerónimo de: on epidemics, 203; on
mitotes, 183, 187; on processions, 169–171, 173–
174, 175, 177, 178; on San José de los Naturales,
114; on sweeping of church courtyards, 165; on
tribute system reform, 188; on Valeriano, 190
Mendoza, Antonio de (r.1535–1550):
appointment of gobernador, 102, 133, 156,
191; and bells of Santiago Tlatelolco,
223n38; campaign against Chichimecs, 156,
222n34; and canals, 196; Codex Mendoza
commissioned by, 3; departure of, 160; and
Huanitzin, 100, 102, 103; and land grants,
101; and Mexica royal house, 101; in palace of
Axayacatl, 112; and Tacuba causeway, 194; and
Tianguis of San Hipólito, 85; and Tlatelolco,
181–182; as viceroy, 118
Mendoza, Diego de, 133, 182, 183, 219n21
Mendoza, Raquel Pineda, 198
Mercado de San Juan, 88, 208
Mérida de Molina, Francisco, 199
Mesoamerica, cosmovision of, 28–29, 31, 45, 50
Mexica: annals of, 5, 8; conquest state of, 10,
27, 45, 52, 53, 55–56, 60, 61, 71, 75, 99, 185;
cosmovision of, 29–30, 45, 50, 53; creation
of Codex Mendoza, 3–4; deities of, 42–45,
53; enemies and vassal states joining with
Spaniards, 75, 116; festival calendar of,
42, 59, 64, 125–126, 170, 177; founding of
Tenochtitlan, 1–2, 23, 32–34, 71, 214n22;
genealogy of rulers, 83, 84 , 99, 156, 191;
Huitzilopochtli as commander of, 27, 33, 45;
maps of Tenochtitlan, 17; migration from
Aztlan, 27, 32, 50, 61, 71, 128–129, 140, 210;
origin histories of, 45; palaces of, 77, 123; and
place-names, 50, 128; and Plaza Mayor, 18;
post-Conquest occupation of Mexico City,
73; pre-Hispanic cities of, 15; pre-Hispanic
monuments of, 18, 72; and sacred warfare,
45–49; search for ideal altepetl, 30–34, 51;
sense of order, 61; society of, 111; and Spanish
Conquest, 72; tributary states of, 37, 52, 53,
55–56, 60, 71, 80, 81, 86, 135, 221n14; andTriple Alliance, 20–21, 37, 52; war in Valley
of Mexico, 38, 52; and wars of Spanish
Conquest, 75, 76, 116; welcome for Cortés in
1519, 21, 45, 53, 71
Mexicaltzinco, 35, 37
Mexican War of Independence, 20
Mexica rulers: ahuehuetl trees associated with,
123–124; and aquatic infrastructure, 27,
39, 40, 42, 45, 51, 53, 71; and asymmetrical
gifting, 59, 106–107, 113, 159, 160, 184; and
bathing ritual, 156; Codex Mendoza as
history of, 4, 7, 8, 24, 45; connected with flow
of water, 24, 27, 38, 71, 189, 193; as controller
and protector of forces of nature, 64, 71;
costumes of, 45, 53, 55–59, 69, 70–71, 111–112;
death of city equated with death of, 9, 10; as
deity delegates, 56–57, 60, 66, 69; feasting
culture of, 159–160; feathered costumes of,
21, 55; genealogy of, 83, 84 , 99, 156, 191; as
great tree, 71; and ideologies of water, 27;
and indigenous government of Mexico-
Tenochtitlan, 18, 99, 100, 101–102, 111–112, 113;
and invisibility rhetoric, 53, 59; and marking
urban space, 57–59; and performances,
52–53, 71; in Plano Parcial de la Ciudad de
México, 77, 79 ; polygamous marriages of, 102;
processions of, 21, 24, 58, 59, 94, 95; public
imagery of, 113; purging of competitors, 102;
semi-divine status of, 84, 100; and spatial
agency, 59–61; spatial aspects of empire, 53,
55–57; as tribal leaders, 5; and tribute goods,
20–21, 52, 53, 55–56, 60, 81, 99, 157; and water
deities, 23
Mexico: constitution of 1857, 20; and Spanish
political jurisdictions, 104–105
Mexico City: Alameda park, 18, 20, 80, 85, 196,
197, 204; aquatic infrastructure of, 77, 80–82;
balance between city and lake, 75; canals
of, 77, 80, 177, 197; coat of arms for, 129, 131;
earthquake of 1985, 28; feather representation
of, 24; floods of, 86, 199, 202, 208, 210;
founding of, 3, 14, 24; freshwater supply of,
194, 196–199, 210; as home of viceroy of New
Spain, 2, 20, 95, 104, 105, 113; horizon of, 209,
210; indigenous elites of, 15, 24, 73, 77, 82, 99;
indigenous gobernadores of, 73, 77, 82–84, 93,
94, 98, 130, 218n64; indigenous maps of, 108;
indigenous market practices in, 18, 80–82,
84–86, 88–90, 93, 94; intersecting identities
of, 104, 107; lived spaces of, 18, 24, 73, 82, 94,
95, 96; Map of sixteenth-century city, 74,
74 , 86, 99, 105, 110, 111, 116, 125; Map of the
Mexico City metro, 18, 19 , 20, 20 , 21, 23, 212;
Map showing processional routes, 175–177,
176 ; Map showing proposal to fill lake, 194,
195 ; maps of, 14; nuances in names for, 99,
104–105, 107, 128–129, 130–131, 151, 221n2;
overlapping political jurisdictions of, 99, 104,
105; place-names of, 14, 24, 73, 75, 86, 96–97,