- BEFORE OIL175
the Qawasim trade routes. See Sultan bin Muhammad al- Qassimi, Power Struggles
and Trade in the Gulf, 1620– 1820 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1999).
- Jim Krane, City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism (New York: St. Martin’s,
2009).
- UAE figure is from “World Economic Outlook,” International Monetary Fund, 2016;
Abu Dhabi figure is from “Abu Dhabi Emirate: Facts and Figures,” Abu Dhabi
e - g o v e r n m e n t p o r t a l , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p s : / / w w w. a b u d h a b i. a e / p o r t a l / p u b l i c / e n / a b u _ d h a b i
_emirate /facts_figure_background.
- Jim Krane and Steven Wright, “Qatar ‘Rises Above’ Its Region: Geopolitics and the
Rejection of the GCC Gas Market,” Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance
and Globalisation in the Gulf States, London School of Economics, 2014, http: //eprints
.lse .ac .uk /55336 /1 /__lse .ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repos
itory_Content_Kuwait%20Programme_Krane_2014.pdf.
- “Qatar Economic Insight,” Qatar National Bank, June 2016.
- Lesley Wa l ker, “Repor t: Qata ri Fa mi lies Ea rn A lmost Th ree Times as Much as Ex pats,”
Doha News, J u n e 1 8 , 2 0 1 4 , h t t p s : / / d o h a n e w s. c o / m i n i s t r y - s t a t s - s h o w - a v e r a g e - q a t a r i
- h o u s e h o l d - e a r n s - q r 7 2 0 0 0 - m o n t h l y /.
- By 1730, Oman’s African colonies included parts of what are now Somalia, Kenya,
and Tanzania, including the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.
- Francis Owtram, “A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750,” Qatar
National Library, Articles from Our Experts series, n.d., http: //www .qdl .qa /en /close
- relationship - britain - and - oman - 1750; Fred Halliday, Arabia Without Sultans (Lon-
don: Saqi, 1974), 268– 69.
- Iran only relinquished its claim to Bahrain in 1972. See X. De Planhol and J.
Kecheichian, “Bahrain: History of Political Relations with Iran,” Encyclopedia
Iranica, Iranica Online, August 24, 2011, http: //www .iranicaonline .org /articles /bah
r a i n - a l l # p t 3.
- “The Strategic Importance of Bahrain to Saudi Arabia,” Oil Drum, June 29, 2011, http: //
o i l p r i c e. c o m / G e o p o l i t i c s / M i d d l e - E a s t / Th e - S t r a t e g i c - I m p o r t a n c e - O f - B a h r a i n - T o
- Krane, City of Gold, 35.
- Sean Foley, The Arab Gulf States: Beyond Oil and Islam (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner,
2010), 16– 22.
- A large volume of literature on the resource curse includes Michael L. Ross, The Oil
Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2012); Raymond F. Mikesell, “Explaining the Resource
Curse, with Special Reference to Mineral- Exporting Countries,” Resources Policy 23,
no. 4 (1997): 191– 99; Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew M. Warner, “The Curse of Natural
Resources,” European Economic Review 45, no. 4 (2001): 827– 38; Paul Stevens,
“Resource Impact: Curse or Blessing? A Literature Survey,” Journal of Energy Litera-
ture 9, no. 1 (2003): 1– 42; Michael L. Ross, “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?,” Worl d Poli-
tics 53 (2001): 325– 61.
- Michael Alexeev and Robert Conrad, “The Elusive Curse of Oil,” Review of Econom-
ics and Statistics 91, no. 3 (August 2009): 586– 98; Michael Herb, “No Representation
