1969. THE POLITICS OF REFORM
Eventually the Gulf States Will Run out of Power,” Middle East Center Blog, London
S c h o o l o f E c o n o m i c s , J a n u a r y 5 , 2 0 1 5 , h t t p : / / b l o g s. l s e. a c. u k / m e c / 2 0 1 5 / 0 1 / 0 7 / o i l - p r i c e s
- e v e n t u a l l y - t h e - g u l f - s t a t e s - w i l l - r u n - o u t - o f - p o w e r.
- Some reformers had minimal fiscal buffers in 2015, including Bahrain, Oman, and
Egypt. Saudi currency reserves were high but dwindled at an alarming rate.
- Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed has assumed control of most UAE governance func-
tions during the long convalescence of his elder half- brother Khalifa, age sixty- eight.
At the time of writing, Sheikh Khalifa retained official status as head of state.
- Peter Kovessy and Shabina S. Khatri, “Qatar Emir: Government Can No Longer ‘Pro-
vide for Everything,’ ” Doha News, November 3, 2015, http: //dohanews .co /qatar - emir
- g o v e r n m e n t - c a n - n o - l o n g e r - p r o v i d e - f o r - e v e r y t h i n g.
- Rana Rahimpour, “Iran Protests Pose an Unpredictable Challenge for Authorities,”
BBC News, January 2, 2018, http: //www .bbc .com /news /world - middle - east - 42541171.
- Saleh al- Shaibany, “Oman Caps Fuel Price After Protests,” The National, February 8,
2 0 1 7 , h t t p s : / / w w w. t h e n a t i o n a l. a e / w o r l d / o m a n - c a p s - f u e l - p r i c e - a ft e r - p r o t e s t s - 1. 7 7 1 9 5.
- “Arab Gulf States: Attempts to Silence 140 Characters,” Human Rights Watch press
r e l e a s e , N o v e m b e r 1 , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p s : / / w w w. h r w. o r g / n e w s / 2 0 1 6 / 1 1 / 0 1 / a r a b - g u l f - s t a t e s
- a t t e m p t s - s i l e n c e - 1 4 0 - c h a r a c t e r s.
- Lindsay Benstead, “Why Some Arabs Don’t Want Democracy,” Monkey Cage blog,
Wa shing ton Post, September 30, 2014, https: //www .washingtonpost .com /news /mon
k e y - c a g e / w p / 2 0 1 4 / 0 9 / 3 0 / w h y - s o m e - a r a b s - d o n t - w a n t - d e m o c r a c y.
- Gengler and Lambert, “Renegotiating the Ruling Bargain,” 327.
- Al- Qassemi, “The Gulf ’s New Social Contract.”
- Jim Krane, “The Political Economy of Subsidy Reform in the Persian Gulf Monar-
chies,” in The Economics and Political Economy of Energy Subsidies, ed. Jon Strand
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016), 191– 222.
- Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani, “Introduction,” in The Rentier State, ed. Hazem
Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 16– 17.
- F. Gregory Gause III, “The Political Economy of National Security in the GCC States,”
in The Persian Gulf at the Millennium, ed. Gary Sick and Lawrence Potter (New York:
St. Martin’s, 1997), 80.
- F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab
Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1994), 147.
- Partha S. Dasgupta, “The Environment as a Commodity,” Oxford Review of Economic
Policy 6, no. 1 (1990): 51– 67.
CONCLUSION: THE CLIMATE HEDGE
- Jim Krane, “Beyond 12.5: The Implications of an Increase in Saudi Crude Oil Produc-
tion Capacity,” Energy Policy 110 (2017): 542– 47. See also Bill Spindle and Summer
Said, “Saudi Aramco Likely to Step up Production,” Wall Street Journal, May 10, 2016,
h t t p : / / w w w. w s j. c o m / a r t i c l e s / a r a m c o - a i m i n g - t o - d o u b l e - g a s - p r o d u c t i o n - i n - 1 0
