William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A74 Glossary/Index

campaign financing in. See

campaign financing

campaigns in. See campaigns

candidate recruitment and nomina-

tion in, 278–81, 283, 289, 299, 300,

303–4, 331

candidate requirements in, 302

to Congress. See congressional

campaigns and elections

in democracy, 21

economy as factor in, 309, 310, 310,

312, 329, 332, 335

functions of, 298–99

fundamentals in, 309–11

general, 299–300, 314, 316–18

horse race in, 255

incumbents in. See incumbents

interest group involvement in,

361–63, 366

local issues in, 334

mechanics of, 300–302

media coverage of, 247, 255

national influences on,

388–89

in open seat, 311

party platforms in, 284, 290, 292,

299, 313–15

political parties in, 278–84, 286–90,

291, 292, 296, 299, 314

political process in, 10, 12, 12

position-taking in, 384

presidential. See presidential

campaigns and elections

presidential support in, 401, 402

pr i ma r y. See primary elections

public appearances in, 384

redistricting in. See redistricting

runoff, 301

stages of, 299–300

and total number of elected offices,

298

voting in, 326–30. See also voting

wave, 329–30, 389

electoral college, 44, 304–9, 334, 334 The

body that votes to select America’s

president and vice president based

on the popular vote in each state.

Each candidate nominates a slate of

electors who are selected to attend

the meeting of the college if their

candidate wins the most votes in a

state or district.

electoral connection, 383 The idea that

congressional behavior is centrally

motivated by members’ desire for

reelection.

electoral votes, 44, 304–9, 334, 334 Votes

cast by members of the electoral

college; after a presidential candi-

date wins the popular vote in a

given state, that candidate’s slate of

electors casts electoral votes for the

candidate on behalf of that state.

Elementary and Secondary Education

Act (1965), 89, 578, 606

Eleventh Amendment, 62, 92, 500

Ellis Island, 507, 507

Emancipation Proclamation, 421, 426,

443

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act

(2008), 549

emergency response in disasters, 73,

88, 96

Defense Department in, 628

fake news on, 239, 239

EMILY’s List, 362

eminent domain, 138

emoluments clause, 54, 65, 66

employment

affirmative action in, 180, 189

discrimination in, 91, 92, 159, 174,

175, 180, 180–81, 181, 184, 185

economic policies on, 533, 539

full, 533

globalization affecting, 645, 645

in green jobs, 562

hiring preferences for African

Americans in, 206, 206

and inflation rate, 534, 535

pay gap for women in, 18, 180,

180–81, 181, 500

retirement from, 592–93, 594,

596

sexual harassment in, 180

trade policies affecting, 530, 532,

566, 643–44, 645

and unemployment rate. See

unemployment rate

Employment Act (1946), 533

Employment Non-Discrimination Act,

185

Endangered Species Act, 85, 138,

496

Energy Department, 85, 470, 474 ,

562

Engel v. Vitale, 114

English language, 18, 190, 193

entitlement programs, 599 Any federal

government program that provides

benefits to Americans who meet

requirements specified by law.

enumerated powers, 51–54 Powers

explicitly granted to Congress, the

president, or the Supreme Court in

the first three articles of the Consti-

tution. Examples include Congress’s

power to “raise and support armies”

and the president’s power as

commander in chief.

environmental policies, 560, 561

economic issues in, 535

and federalism, 85

grazing rights in, 563

interest group lobbying on, 345

Paris Climate Agreement on, 12, 90,

429, 435, 561, 629

political processes affecting, 12

presidential power in, 429

regulations in, 85, 457, 459, 461, 560,

561, 562

of state governments, 85, 90,

90, 94

of Trump, 85, 331, 429, 435, 459, 461,

479, 480, 562

Environmental Protection Agency, 85,

163, 454, 464, 464, 479, 480

Clean Power Plan, 457, 459, 461, 561

oversight of, 481

regulations of, 85, 457, 459, 461, 561,

562

environmental racism, 163

Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission, 159, 175, 180, 182, 183,

184

equality, 22, 23, 24 In the context of

American politics, “equality”

means equality before the law, polit-

ical equality (one person, one vote),

and equality of opportunity (the

equal chance for everyone to realize

his or her potential), but not material

equality (equal income or wealth).

and affirmative action, 188–90, 191

and civil rights, 80, 104, 148–97

and conflict resolution, 22–24

Constitution on, 36–37, 151

elections, (Continued)

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