Glossary/Index A73without due process of law.” Other
specific due process rights are found
in the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and
Eighth Amendments, such as protec-
tion from self-incrimination and
freedom from illegal searches.Duncan, Arne, 609
Duncan v. Louisiana, 113
Dunne, Finley Peter, 519Duverger’s Law, 288 The principle that
in a democracy with single-member
districts and plurality voting, only
two parties’ candidates will have a
realistic chance of winning political
office, as in the United States.earmarks, 395–96 Federally funded
local projects attached to bills
passed through Congress.Earned Income Tax Credit, 603, 604,
605, 606
economic conditions
in business cycle, 552
in financial crisis (2008), 533, 535,
548, 548–50, 559
and fiscal policy, 551–56
gross domestic product as measure
of, 535–36, 638, 638
Misery Index on, 534, 535
and monetary policies, 558
and public opinion of president, 208,
210, 218, 223, 541
as public policy priority, 225, 226,
226
and trade policies, 638, 638, 643–4 4
and voting decisions, 309, 310, 310,
312, 329, 332, 333, 335 , 336economic depression, 533 A deep,
widespread downturn in the
economy, like the Great Depression
of the 1930s.
deflation in, 534–35
in Great Depression. See Great
Depressioneconomic equality, 15, 22, 38, 161
economic individualism, 15
economic interests
at Constitutional Convention, 38,
38, 41
political conflicts on, 15, 32economic policies, 530–71
balance of payments in, 537, 562–67
budget deficit in. See budget deficit
as congressional election issue, 329,
331, 333, 336
congressional role in, 539–41, 542,
543, 545, 549, 567–68
as Constitutional Convention issue,
38, 38, 41
of Democratic Party, 15, 32, 530, 532,
541, 550, 552, 561
employment in, 533, 535, 539
Federal Reserve System in, 533,
545–47
and financial crisis (2008), 533, 535,
548–50, 559
fiscal, 533, 540, 551–56, 568
and foreign policy, 638–40
free market in. See free market
goals of, 533–39
gross domestic product in, 535–36
inflation in, 534–35
Keynesian, 551, 552, 553, 554, 568
monetary, 312, 533, 540, 545, 557–59
of Obama, 309, 310, 312, 541, 549,
552, 562
political conflicts on, 15, 32, 567–68
in poverty and income inequality,
579–82
as presidential election issue (2016),
335, 530, 535, 565
presidential power in, 540, 541–45,
5 47, 5 67 – 6 8
and public opinion of president, 208,
210, 218, 223
as public policy priority, 225, 226,
226
regulatory, 559–62
of Republican Party, 15, 32, 530, 532,
540, 541, 550, 551–52, 554, 561,
580–82, 586
on trade. See trade policies
trade-offs between, 539, 561, 562
Treasury Department in, 547–48
of Trump, 530, 532, 532, 541, 543, 550,
552, 556, 561–62economic sanctions, 640, 649, 649 Penal-
ties applied by one country or group
of countries on another, usually
in the form of tariffs or other trade
barriers.
on Iran, 640, 649
on North Korea, 649, 649
The Economist, 243education
affirmative action in, 150, 189, 190,
191, 194
and civil liberties, 105
and collective action problems, 7
controversial speech in, 102–4,
143–4 4
desegregation of, 88, 154, 167, 170,
172–73, 520, 521
drug testing in, 135
federal government role in, 88, 89,
89, 585, 606–9
gender discrimination in, 177, 179,
183–84, 185
Great Society programs in, 577,
578
and group identity, 206
hate speech in, 102, 122
for military veterans, 533, 606
prayer in, 106, 111, 114–15, 521, 521
religious schools in, 115
school choice programs in, 585, 608,
609
school shootings in, 93, 130, 131
school vouchers in, 608, 609
search policies in, 132–33
separate but equal doctrine in,
17 2 –7 3
social policies on, 577, 578, 585,
606–9
standardized testing in, 607
states’ rights in, 90, 585, 606
student activity fees in, 121–22
student loans for. See student loans
unfunded mandates in, 89
Education Department, 7, 185, 470, 472,
474 , 606, 627
Edwards, George C., III, 448
Egypt, 104, 640
Eighth Amendment, 64, 64–65, 108,
113, 139 –40, 520
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 186, 422, 446,
501, 521
elastic clause, 54, 59
elderly
number in population, 593
in poverty, 579, 581, 592election cycle, 281 , 309 The two-year
period between general elections.Election Day, 299, 300
elections, 296–339
accountability in, 286–87, 291, 299,
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