William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A75

in income, 15, 22, 38, 161. See also

income inequality

in law enforcement, 163–64, 165

of opportunity, 22, 188–89

political, 22, 38

and separate but equal doctrine,

153–54, 168, 172–73, 267, 468

socioeconomic indicators of, 161–63

in voting access, 159–61

equal protection clause of Fourteenth

Amendment, 150, 151, 152–53, 157,

172, 173, 175

and affirmative action policies, 191

and gay rights, 181, 182

and women’s rights, 176, 177

Equal Rights Amendment, 184

equal time provision, 236, 236 An FCC

regulation requiring broadcast

media to provide equal air time on

any non-news programming to all

candidates running for an office.

Era of Good Feelings, 266

Espionage Act (1917), 118, 125

establishment clause, 111, 114–15 Part

of the First Amendment that

states “Congress shall make no

law respecting an establishment

of religion,” which has been

interpreted to mean that Congress

cannot sponsor or favor any religion.

estate taxes, 586

Estes, Ron, 316

ethnicity, and party identification,

17–18

European Union, 560

economic sanctions from, 640

multilateral actions of, 617

trade with, 530, 639

evangelicals, party identification of, 276

Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing

To w n s h i p, 113

Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), 607,

607

evidence collection

DNA in, 133–34, 140

in domestic surveillance, 135–36

drug testing in, 135

exclusionary rule in, 134, 13 4–35

Miranda rights in, 137

search warrants in, 132–34

exchange rates for international

c u r renc y, 564

excise taxes, 555, 555, 556

exclusionary rule, 134 , 134–35 The

principle that illegally or

unconstitutionally acquired

evidence cannot be used in a

criminal trial.

exclusive powers, 51–54

executive agreement, 429 An agreement

between the executive branch and a

foreign government, which acts as

a treaty but does not require Senate

approval.

executive branch

Antifederalist concerns about,

48–49

Articles of Confederation on, 33, 39

Cabinet in, 186, 187, 298, 440, 441

checks and balances with other

branches, 6, 52, 57–58

Constitutional Convention

compromises on, 42–44

Constitution on, 39, 40

exclusive powers of, 54

foreign policy role of, 626, 626–29

in parliamentary system, 44

president in. See president

and separation of powers, 6

shared powers of, 55–56

structure of, 437–41, 469–72, 470

vice president in. See vice president

Executive Office of the President (EOP),

438 , 438–39, 469, 472, 474 , 627 The

group of policy-related offices that

serve as support staff to the president.

executive orders, 426–28 Proclamations

made by the president that change

government policy without congres-

sional approval.

of Obama, 64, 331, 427, 443

of Trump, 426–28, 574, 578, 627

executive powers clause, 59–61 The part

of Article II, Section 1, of the Consti-

tution that states: “The executive

Power shall be vested in a President

of the United States of America.”

This broad statement has been used

to justify many assertions of presi-

dential power.

executive privilege, 433–37 The right

of the president to keep executive

branch conversations and corre-

spondence confidential from the

legislative and judicial branches.

ex post facto laws, 106

Exxon Mobile, 346, 362

F-35 fighter-attack plane, 345, 456–57

Facebook, 232, 237, 239–40

interest group use of, 360

reliability of news on, 4, 256, 256

speech restrictions on, 123

factions, 6, 3 7, 41 Groups of like-minded

people who try to influence the

government. American government

is set up to avoid domination by any

one of these groups.

Fair Housing Act (1968), 182, 183

fairness doctrine of FCC, 236

fake news, 2–4, 25–26, 256, 258

doctored photos in, 239, 239

and Trump, 2, 4, 127, 234, 239, 239,

248

Fallon, Jimmy, 237

Falwell, Jerry, 126

family, political socialization in, 203

Family Research Council, 346, 362

Fannie Mae, 549

Farrakhan, Louis, 188

Federal Aviation Administration

(FA A), 460, 471, 472, 561

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

6, 132, 135, 332, 381, 553, 594

federal civil service, 467 A system

created by the 1883 Pendleton Civil

Service Act in which bureaucrats

are hired on the basis of merit rather

than political connections.

Federal Communications Commission

(FCC), 129, 235–36, 236 , 365, 460,

463 A government agency created

in 1934 to regulate American

radio stations and later expanded

to regulate television, wireless

communications technologies, and

other broadcast media.

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