Glossary/Index A79foreign aid from, 641
health care spending in, 598
hyperinflation in, 559, 559
in World War II, 620
Gerring, John, 284
Gerry, Elbridge, 49, 106, 390gerrymandering, 390, 391, 392 Attempt-
ing to use the process of re-drawing
district boundaries to benefit a polit-
ical party, protect incumbents, or
change the proportion of minority
voters in a district.get out the vote, 3 1 7, 332 A campaign’s
efforts to “get out the vote” or make
sure its supporters vote on Election
Day.Gibbons v. Ogden, 78, 78
GI Bill (1944), 533, 606
Gideon, Clarence, 139
Gideon v. Wainwright, 113, 139
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 488, 490, 503,
512, 513, 519, 522, 522, 524, 526
Gitlow, Benjamin, 112
Gitlow v. New York, 112, 113
glasnost, 622globalization, 643–46, 644 , 645 The
increase over the last generation in
trade, travel, and the flow of ideas
and beliefs between nations.global warming, 90, 479. See also
climate changegoing public, 448–49 A president’s
use of speeches and other public
communications to appeal directly
to citizens about issues the president
would like the House and Senate to
act on.gold, as currency standard, 557, 557
Goldberg, Jonah, 262, 296
Goldman Sachs, 549
Goldwater, Barry, 318, 319
Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Ledbetter v.,
180, 500
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company,
180, 500
Google, 346, 362, 366, 560
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 422, 622Gore, Al, 301, 304, 308
Gore, Bush v., 514, 522
Gorsuch, Neil, 23, 55, 411, 426, 501, 503,
504, 504, 518, 519, 522, 523GOTV (get out the vote), 3 1 7, 332 A
campaign’s efforts to “get out the
vote” or make sure its supporters
vote on Election Day.government, 5 The system for imple-
menting decisions made through
the political process.
bureaucracy of, 454–87
confederal, 8, 74
divided, 286, 584
federal. See federal government
forms of, 8, 33, 44, 73–74
goals of, 5–8
levels of, 73
local. See local government
in parliamentary system, 44
president as head of, 424
public opinion on, 222, 222–24, 223, 224
state. See state government
unified, 57, 286, 299, 450
unitary, 8, 74Government Accountability Office, 136
Government Performance and Results
Act (1993), 587
GPS tracking devices, 134
Grand Canyon Trust, 563grandfather clause, 153 A type of law
enacted in several southern states
to allow those who were permit-
ted to vote before the Civil War,
and their descendants, to bypass
literacy tests and other obstacles to
voting, thereby exempting whites
from these tests while continuing to
disenfranchise African Americans
and other people of color.grassroots lobbying, 359–60 A lobbying
strategy that relies on participation
by group members, such as a protest
or a letter-writing campaign.Gratz v. Bollinger, 179
grazing rights, 563
Great Britain
colonial policies of, 32multilateral actions of, 617
trade with, 566
as UN Security Council member, 637
in World War II, 620Great Compromise, 42, 43 A compromise
between the large and small states,
proposed by Connecticut, in which
Congress would have two houses: a
Senate with two legislators per state
and a House of Representatives in
which each state’s representation
would be based on population
(also known as the Connecticut
Compromise).Great Depression, 82, 82, 88, 533, 559
deflation in, 534–35
and New Deal programs, 467, 589
and political parties, 267
and presidential power, 421–22
social policy in, 576, 589
and trade policies, 567Great Society, 88–89, 225 , 468, 57 7–78 ,
584 The wide-ranging social
agenda promoted by President
Lyndon Johnson in the mid-1960s
that aimed to improve Americans’
quality of life through governmental
social programs.Green, Donald, 204, 274
Green Bay Packers, 94, 98
green jobs, 562
Green Party, 287, 288
Greensboro, North Carolina, 167–68
Gregory v. Ashcroft, 91gridlock, 394 An inability to enact
legislation because of partisan
conflict within Congress or between
Congress and the president.Griswold, Estelle, 140–41
Griswold v. Connecticut, 113, 140–41gross domestic product, 535–36 The
value of a country’s economic
output taken as a whole.
and budget deficit, 538
and discretionary spending, 553
and health care spending, 600, 600
and tax rates, 554
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