William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A85

legislation. See also specific laws.

and bureaucracy, 458

on civil rights, 182–85

enforcement of. See law

enforcement

interest groups drafting, 358

judicial review of, 58, 491, 492–94,

521, 525

omnibus, 410, 540, 543

party influence on, 284–87, 290

pork barrel, 378, 384, 395, 396, 396,

410

on presidential authority, 423, 424,

424

presidential interpretation and

implementation of, 444

presidential veto of, 57, 409, 430–33,

442, 545, 630

signing statements on, 444

types of, 405

legislative branch, 6, 40, 42–43. See also

Congress

Articles of Confederation on, 33–34,

39

checks and balances with other

branches, 6, 52, 57–58

Constitutional Convention compro-

mise on, 41–42

Constitution on, 39, 40, 76, 376–77,

404, 539

in parliamentary system, 44

shared powers of, 55–56

legislative process, 404–12

for Affordable Care Act, 410, 412,

5 7 2 –74 , 59 0

amendments in, 409, 412

authorization and appropriation in,

409

on budget, 540–41, 542, 543, 545

committee system in, 402–3, 404–10

conventional, 404–9

diagrams of, 406, 407

discharge petition in, 409–10

earmarks in, 395–96

filibusters in, 411–12, 610

logrolling in, 46, 395, 403

markup in, 408

president in, 57, 409, 410, 424–25,

430–33, 442

reconciliation in, 407, 411–12,

540–41, 572

vetoes in, 57, 409, 430–33, 442, 545,

630

voting in, 400, 409

Lehman Brothers, 549

Lemon test, 115 The Supreme Court

uses this test, established in Lemon

v. Kur tzman, to determine whether

a practice violates the First Amend-

ment’s establishment clause.

Lemon v. Kurtzman, 115

Leno, Jay, 66

lesbian people. See LGBTQ people

Lessig, Lawrence, 365

“Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King),

170

Levine, James, 180

Lewinsky, Monica, 413

Lewis, John, 396

LGBTQ people, 143, 151, 157–59

civil rights of, 143, 150, 157–58,

181–82, 185, 186, 194

in Congress, 385

discrimination against, 97, 143, 150,

157–58, 159, 181–82, 185, 194

equal protection of, 93

hate crimes against, 185

and interest groups, 362

liberal policies on, 94

in military, 66, 157–58, 186, 186, 1 8 7,

193

as political candidates, 328, 329,

385

as presidential election issue (2016),

158, 314, 322

privacy rights of, 143

and same-sex marriage. See

same-sex marriage

and social movements, 166, 171

and sodomy laws, 143, 181–82, 522

and Stonewall uprising, 157, 158

libel, 126–27 Written false statements

that damage a person’s reputa-

tion. They can be regulated by the

government but are often difficult

to distinguish from permissible

speech.

liberal ideology, 19, 20, 94, 201 The side

of the ideological spectrum defined

by support for stronger government

programs and more market regula-

tion; generally associated with

Democrats.

in domestic policies, 618

of Supreme Court justices, 503, 513,

517, 518, 519, 521–22, 524, 525

liberalism, 617 , 618, 619, 620 The idea

that foreign policy decisions reflect

normative goals such as justice,

equality, and human rights.

liberal or conservative ideology, 201 A

way of describing political beliefs in

terms of a position on the spectrum

running from liberal to moderate to

conservative.

and ideological polarization, 220–22,

221

of Supreme Court justices, 503, 513,

517, 518, 519, 521–22, 524, 525

Libertarian Party, 287, 288, 288

libertarians, 19 , 19–20, 2 8 7, 288 Those

who prefer very limited government

and therefore tend to be conserva-

tive on issues such as social welfare

policy, environmental policy, and

government funding for educa-

tion but liberal on issues involving

personal liberty such as free speech,

abortion, and the legalization of

drugs.

liberty, 21–22 , 23, 24, 36 Political

freedom, such as the freedom

of speech, press, assembly, and

religion. These and other legal

and due process rights protecting

individuals from government

control are outlined in the Bill of

Rights of the U.S. Constitution.

Antifederalist concerns about, 49

and civil liberties, 102–47

and conflict resolution, 21–22

Libya, 429, 430, 496, 619, 630, 641, 642

Liccardo, Sam, 70

life expectancy, 162, 596

Lighthizer, Robert, 544

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 180, 500

Limbaugh, Rush, 240, 249

limited government, 33 A political

system in which the powers of

the government are restricted to

prevent tyranny by protecting

property and individual rights.

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