A86 Glossary/IndexLincoln, Abraham, 152, 201, 378, 421,
426
Lipinski, Dan, 284
literacy tests for voting, 153
litigation strategies of interest groups,
358–59, 359
Little Rock, Arkansas, 186living Constitution, 59–65, 5 1 6 –1 7, 520 A
way of interpreting the Constitution
that takes into account evolving
national attitudes and circum-
stances rather than the text alone.loans
interest rates on, 533, 557, 558–59,
579
mortgage. See mortgages
in trade deficits, 565lobbying, 340–73 Efforts to influence
public policy through contact with
public officials on behalf of an inter-
est group.
Astroturf, 360
and collective action problems,
352–54
definition of, 342
direct, 355–58, 364
on foreign policy, 631, 634
gifts to Congress members in, 349
grassroots, 359–60
on grazing rights, 563
influence of, 365–69
inside strategies in, 355–59
outside strategies in, 355, 356, 357,
359–64
resources used in, 350–52
restrictions on, 349
and revolving door, 348, 349
spending on, 344, 344–47, 351, 364local government
balance of power with national
government, 4 4–45, 75–77
citizen participation in, 94–96, 97
in cooperative federalism, 82
in daily life, 14
education role of, 606
environmental policies of, 85
federal financial aid to, 86–88
in federalism, 6, 8, 44–45, 72, 73, 75,
77
responsibilities of, 73and sanctuary cities, 75, 77, 82
spending trends for, 87
Locke, John, 37, 3 7, 43
Lockett, Clayton, 140
Lockheed Martin Corporation, 345,
456–57logrolling, 46, 395, 403 A form of
reciprocity in which members of
Congress support bills that they
otherwise might not vote for in
exchange for other members’ votes
on bills that are very important to
them.The Looking Glass for 1787 (Doolit t le), 49
Lopez, Alfonso, 92
Lopez, United States v., 91, 92, 93
Lott, Trent, 400
Louisiana, 151, 175, 496
Louisiana, Duncan v., 113
Louisiana Purchase, 620Madison, James, 11, 41, 61, 88, 106
at Annapolis Convention, 35
on Bill of Rights, 108–9
on common good, 377
on congressional power, 54
on constitutional amendments, 62
at Constitutional Convention, 39,
41, 43, 44
on dual federalism, 78
on factions, 37, 41
Federalist Papers of, 235
Gerry as vice president under, 390
on human nature, 6, 37
on liberty and conflict, 22
and Marbury case, 58, 492–93, 493
on republicanism, 36
on role of government, 6, 37
on separation of church and state,
114
Madison, Marbury v., 58, 492–93, 493
Maine, 95, 305Majority Leader, 398 The elected head
of the party holding the majority of
seats in the House or Senate.majority opinions, 514
majority rule, 41majority voting, 20, 301 The election in
which voters cast ballots for Housemembers, senators, and (every
four years) a president and vice
president.Malloy v. Hogan, 113
Manchin, Joe, 334mandatory spending, 553, 553 Expendi-
tures that are required by law, such
as the funding for Social Security.Manning, Bradley (now Chelsea), 125,
125, 433
Mapp, Dollree, 134, 134
Mapp v. Ohio, 113, 13 4
“marble cake” and “layer cake” models
of federalism, 82, 83, 84
Marbury, William, 492–93
Marbury v. Madison, 58, 492–93, 493
March for Our Lives, 130, 131marginal tax rate, 551, 556, 556 The tax
rate paid on income up to some
threshold. For example, in 2018
single people paid no income tax
on their first $12,000 of income
(because of the $12,000 standard
deduction). After deductions, they
paid 10 percent on the first $9,525
of taxable income; 12 percent
on income between $21,526 and
$50,700; 22 percent on income
between $50,701 and $94,500; and
so on, all the way up to 37 percent on
income over $512,000.margin of error, 212, 213, 214
Margolies-Mezvinsky, Marjorie, 380
marijuana, 15, 95, 364, 591
market forces on media coverage, 254–57markup, 408 One of the steps through
which a bill becomes a law, in
which the final wording of the bill is
determined.marriage
interracial, 20, 153, 174
same-sex. See same-sex marriage
Marshall, John, 58, 59, 60, 78, 79,
492–93, 493, 513
Marshall, Thurgood, 60, 172, 512, 518
Marshall Plan, 621, 621
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