William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A102 Glossary/Index

Social Security, 7, 4 67, 541, 552, 576 , 579,

584, 591–97 A federal social insur-

ance program that provides cash

benefits to retirees based on payroll

taxes they have paid over the course

of their careers. It is a “pay as you go”

program in which working Ameri-

cans pay taxes to support today’s

retirees, with a promise that when

today’s workers retire their benefits

will be paid by the next generation.

bureaucracy in, 585

enactment of, 577, 589

funding of, 592, 593–97, 609

interest group support of, 586

long-term challenges for, 593–95

and Medicare, 599

number of recipients, 592, 593

privatization of, 578, 584, 586, 595,

596–97

public opinion on, 591–92

reform proposals, 596–97, 610

retirement age in, 592–93, 594, 596

spending on, 553, 575, 591

tax revenue for, 556, 592, 594, 595,

596, 597

trust fund for, 594–95, 595

Social Security Amendments (1983),

594

socioeconomic indicators of inequality,

161– 63

and affirmative action programs,

188–89

and political equality, 38

sodomy laws, 143, 181–82, 522

soft money, 121, 322, 323 Contributions

that can be used for voter mobiliza-

tion or to promote a policy proposal

or point of view as long as these

efforts are not tied to supporting or

opposing a particular candidate.

soft news, 255, 257 Media coverage that

aims to entertain or shock, often

through sensationalized reporting

or by focusing on a candidate or

politician’s personality.

soft power in foreign policy, 623–24

solicitor general, 509–10 A presidential

appointee in the Justice Department

who conducts all litigation on behalf

of the federal government before

the Supreme Court and supervises

litigation in the federal appellate

courts.

solidary benefits, 353 Satisfaction

derived from the experience of

working with like-minded people,

even if the group’s efforts do not

achieve the desired impact.

Solis, Brian, 232

Somalia, 623, 628

Sons of Confederate Veterans, 121

Sotomayor, Sonia, 134, 187, 503, 512, 518,

519, 522

Souter, David, 518, 519

South Carolina, 42

active shooter incidents in, 131

civil rights movement in, 168

hate crimes in, 164, 164–66

immigration policies in, 192

police shooting of unarmed blacks

in, 163, 163

presidential primary elections in,

283, 304

slavery in, 47, 151

South China Sea, 642

southern states. See also specific states.

civil rights in, 97, 167–70

group identity in, 204

Jim Crow laws in, 80, 81, 153–54

in New Deal era, 468

party identification in, 266, 267, 268,

276

school desegregation in, 173

slavery in, 45–48, 151–53

voting rights of African Americans

in, 153, 183

South Korea, 621, 642, 648, 650

South Vietnam, 622

sovereign immunity of states, 92

sovereign power, 72 The supreme power

of an independent state to regulate

its internal affairs without foreign

interference.

Soviet Union, 642

in Cold War, 620–23

containment of, 620–22

détente with, 622

domino theory on, 622

in Korean War, 621

in Vietnam War, 622

in World War II, 620

Spacey, Kevin, 180

Spanish-American War, 428, 630

Speaker of the House, 398 The

elected leader of the House of

Representatives.

Speakes, Larry, 242

speech, freedom of, 65, 102–4, 105–6,

110, 112, 117–29

in campaigns, 121, 325

clear and present danger test in,

118–19

in commercial speech, 127–28, 128

in controversial speech on college

campuses, 102–4, 143–4 4

direct incitement test in, 119

and fighting words, 126

in free press, 125–26

generally protected expression in,

117–26

in hate speech, 102, 122–23

intermediate scrutiny in, 118, 121

on Internet, 123

limits to, 105–6

in money as speech, 121–22

and obscenity, 128–29

in political speech, 118–20, 121

public opinion on, 206, 206

and slander or libel, 126–27

standards for protection in, 118

strict scrutiny in, 118

in symbolic speech, 120–21

speedy trial, right to, 139

Spencer, Richard, 102, 124, 144

spending

on campaigns, 322, 324, 325, 387

compared to revenues, 555

congressional authority over, 54, 57

discretionary, 553, 553

fiscal policy on, 551–56

on health care, 598, 598, 600, 600

in Keynesian economics, 551

in lobbying, 344, 344–47, 351, 364

mandatory, 553, 553

pork barrel. See pork barrel

public opinion on, 201, 211, 217–18,

224, 225

on Social Security, 553, 575, 591

state and local, 87, 97

The Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 37

Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 102 19/11/18 3:15 PM