Glossary/Index A103split tickets, 328 A ballot on which a
voter selects candidates from more
than one political party.splitting the difference, 46spoils system, 266, 466, 466 The practice
of rewarding party supporters with
benefits like federal government
positions.sports
African-American athletes in, 154
kneeling during national anthem in,
17 1–7 2 , 1 87
performance-enhancing drugs in,
135
and regional identity, 94, 98
Senate resolution honoring team in,
405, 408
Title IX on sex discrimination in,
183–84, 185
Stalin, Joseph, 2
Stamp Act (1765), 32
standardized testing in schools, 607
Standard Oil, 560standard operating procedures (SOPs),
464, 466, 483 Rules that lower-level
bureaucrats must follow when
implementing policies.standing, 496, 508 Legitimate justifica-
tion for bringing a civil case to court.standing committees, 402 Committees
that are a permanent part of the
House or Senate structure, holding
more importance and authority
than other committees.Standing Rock Indian Reservation, 155,
171
“stand your ground” laws, 131
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 166
Starbucks, 644, 644state capacity, 462 The knowledge,
personnel, and institutions that the
government requires to effectively
implement policies.State Department, 125, 454, 461, 466
evaluation of, 587in executive branch, 470
foreign policy role of, 627, 637
number of employees in, 474
spending on, 469, 553
state government
Articles of Confederation on, 33, 34–35
autonomy of, 50, 73, 75, 77
balance of power with national
government, 6, 8, 38, 44–45, 75–77
Constitution on, 76–77
in daily life, 14
education role of, 90, 585, 606
environmental policies of, 85, 90,
90, 94
federal grants to, 86–88
in federalism, 81–88. See also
federalism
forms of, 8
in health care, 86, 89, 93, 94, 96, 585,
599, 602
judicial review on laws of, 493
marijuana policies of, 95
political parties in, 278
reserved powers of, 44–45, 76, 80,
90, 108
responsibilities of, 73, 74
social policy role of, 585
sovereign immunity of, 92
spending trends for, 87, 97
strong role of, 94–97
Supreme Count rulings on, 78, 78–82
Tenth Amendment on, 44–45, 80,
90–91
unfunded mandates for, 86, 89State of the Union, 430, 448 An annual
speech in which the president
addresses Congress to report on
the condition of the country and to
recommend policies.
media coverage of, 237–38, 448
of Obama, 523, 524, 524
of Trump, 237–38, 438, 513states
at Constitutional Convention, 40,
41–42, 43, 45–48
economic interests of, 38
selective incorporation of civil liber-
ties in, 112, 113states’ rights, 80, 82, 90–93, 94 The idea
that states are entitled to a certain
amount of self-government, freeof federal government interven-
tion. This became a central issue
in the period leading up to the
Civ i l Wa r.states’ sovereign immunity, 92 Based
on the Eleventh Amendment,
immunity that prevents state
governments from being sued
by private parties in federal
court unless the state consents to
the suit.statutory authority, 423, 424, 424 , 450
Powers derived from laws enacted
by Congress that add to the powers
given to the president in the
Constitution.statutory interpretation, 493–94 The
various methods and tests used
by the courts for determining the
meaning of a law and applying it
to specific situations. Congress
may overturn the courts’ inter-
pretation by writing a new law;
thus, it also engages in statutory
interpretation.stealth democracy, 11
steel industry, 425, 530, 532, 566, 640
Stefanik, Elis, 380
Stein, Jill, 262, 263, 287
Stevens, John Paul, 519
Stevenson, Adlai, 310
Stewart, Jon, 198, 228, 255
Stewart, Potter, 128
Stockman, David, 554
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 513
Stonewall uprising, 157, 158
“stop-and-frisk” policy, 148, 149, 163straight ticket, 328 A ballot on which a
voter selects candidates from only
one political party.Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I
(SALT I), 622
strategic model on Supreme Court,
517–19strict construction, 515–16 A way of inter-
preting the Constitution based on its
language alone.Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 103 19/11/18 3:15 PM