Water is lost along with salts in the form of
sweat.
- (a) When you eat protein, your body breaks
it down into amino acids, which are used to
replace the protein in your body. Your body
cannot store excess protein, and the extra
amino acids are catabolised into energy and
ammonia. The ammonia is then turned into
urea and eliminated from your body.
- (a) Many people with one kidney can live
essentially the same as those with two. The
remaining kidney is often able to compensate
for its missing counterpart. As long as such
people eat sensibly, get plenty of exercise,
monitor their blood pressure and receive
regular checkups, they can expect to lead a
healthy life with only one kidney. Even if
the lone kidney stops functioning, treatment
options are available.
- (d) In most people with Type 1 or Type 2
diabetes, the thirst builds slowly enough
that it is often incredibly difficult to notice
until other symptoms present themselves
or until the point of major dehydration.
When glucose becomes hyper-concentrated
in your bloodstream, usually about 200mg/
dL – though this number varies from person
to person, your kidney loses the ability to
reuptake (pull out) glucose from water. Under
normal circumstances, almost all glucose is
pulled out of urine and back into the body.
- (b) Haemodialysis: This is carried out
by leading the person’s blood through an
‘artificial kidney’ machine that cleans the
blood and returns it by tubing to a vein. It can
be carried out over a few hours, and needs
to be repeated, on average, every couple of
days. It is done in a specialised dialysis unit
attached to a hospital.
If renal failure is irreversible (a condition
known as end stage renal failure or ESRF),
then long-term dialysis becomes necessary.
Kidney transplantation is carried out
whenever possible.
- (a) Urine will be more dilute because
concentration of urine due to counter current
mechanism. loop of Henle of
juxtraglomenular nephrons take part in
counter current mechanism.
So if the loop of Henle is absent then that
counter mechanism will not take part
in system so there will be no issues of
concentration of urine.
Thus it will get more dilute.
- (d) Bright’s disease is a historical
classification of kidney diseases that would
be described in modern medicine as acute
or chronicnephritis. It was characterised by
edema, the presence of albumin in the urine
and was frequently accompanied by high
blood pressure (hypertension) and evidence
of heart disease.
- (a) Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the
kidney tissue, calyces, and renal pelvis. It is
