BBC World Histories - 08.2019 - 09.2019

20 By the 1830s, opium was causing severe social and economic problems in China – but when the emperor targeted the trade in 183 ...

Æ 21 Chinese opium smokers in a saloon, depicted in a mid-19th-century British engraving. The drug, most of which was imported f ...

22 “Opium threatened public order and wreaked havoc in the economy” T he man charged with enacting the emperor’s decree was Lin ...

23 BRIDGEMAN IMAGES Æ Imperial action on opium A contemporary illustration shows the emperor’s commissioner Lin Zexu overseeing ...

24 C harles Elliot, however, saw things differently. The lone British official in China, Elliot held an ambiguous position – chi ...

25 The war from drugs Chinese war junks are destroyed by East India Company ships in Anson’s Bay during the second battle of Chu ...

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28 Unknown waters Flying fish leap over a Spanish ship being propelled to the New World by trade winds, shown in a late- 16th-ce ...

29 Æ Lewis Dartnell reveals how the discovery of trade winds sparked the Age of Exploration and European empire-building Winds o ...

30 ALAMY T hroughout the Middle Ages, Europe was something of a backwater. Essentially no more than a peninsula stuck on the ver ...

ALAMY Æ 31 The first stage of globalisation and the building of the modern world was directed by the fundamental circulation sys ...

Caribbean San Francisco Acapulco How winds work Portuguese passage to India Using the south Atlantic gyre, from the late 15th ce ...

Goa Macau Nagasaki Slave coast of west Africa Manila Batavia (Jakarta) Cape Town Spice Islands (Maluku) Dutch Brouwer Route ’ . ...

34 GETTY IMAGES Trade winds and exploration Eastern promise Portuguese traders in Japan, depicted in a painting from the turn of ...

35 Æ GETTY IMAGES prevailing winds blow from the west. So If you want to sail to the Americas from Europe, simply head south a l ...

36 BRIDGEMAN Trade winds and exploration Portugal’s port of call A 16th-century panorama of Calicut (now Kozhikode), on India’s ...

37 Old spice An 18th-century illustration of clove leaves and buds. Cloves, which were extremely valuable, were among the crops ...

38 A year in pictures: 1934 ИЗП ОДГ ОТО ВИЛ АГР УПП А "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS ...

39 Æ As Chinese communist troops trekked for survival, rightwing nationalist leaders met in Italy. Richard Overy reviews a year ...