Psychology2016

308 CHAPTER 7

• Gifted persons are defined as those having IQ scores at the upper
  end of the normal curve (130 or above).


• Emotional intelligence involves being able to reach goals and
  engage in productive thinking through accurate awareness and
  effective management of our own emotions. It also involves our
  ability to understand what others feel.


• Terman conducted a longitudinal study that demonstrated
  that gifted children grow up to be successful adults for the
  most part.


• Terman’s study has been criticized for a lack of objectivity
  because Terman became too involved in the lives of several
  of his participants, even to the point of intervening on their
  behalf.

7. 10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and
   environment on the development of intelligence.

• Stronger correlations are found between IQ scores as genetic
  relatedness increases. Heritability of IQ is estimated at .50.


• In 1994, Herrnstein and Murray published The Bell Curve, in
  which they made widely criticized claims about the heritability
  of intelligence.

Language

7. 11 Identify the different elements and structure of
   language.

• Language is a system for combining symbols so that an infinite
  number of meaningful statements can be created and communi-
  cated to others.


• Grammar is the system of rules by which language is governed
  and includes the rules for using phonemes, morphemes, and
  syntax. Pragmatics refers to practical aspects of language.
  7. 12 Explain how language develops.
  
  
  • The stages of language development are cooing, babbling, one-
    word speech (holophrases), telegraphic speech, and whole
    sentences.
  
  
  
  

   7. 13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how
  
   people think.
  
   - Sapir and Whorf originally proposed that language controls and
  
      helps the development of thought processes and concepts, an
  
      idea that is known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
  
   - Other researchers have found evidence that concepts are univer-
  
      sal and directly influence the development of language, called
  
      the cognitive universalism viewpoint.
  
   7. 14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals
  
   to communicate and use language.
  
   - Studies with chimpanzees, parrots, and dolphins have been
  
      somewhat successful in demonstrating that animals can develop
  
      a basic kind of language, including some abstract ideas.
  
   - Controversy exists over the lack of evidence that animals can
  
      learn syntax, which some feel means that animals are not truly
  
      learning and using language.

  
  

Views on Death Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Cross-Cultural

Physical Exercises for Better Cognitive Health

7. 15 Identify some methods for improving your
   cognitive health.

• While specific mental exercises (such as those involving working
  memory) may have some limited benefit, physical exercise pro-
  moting aerobic fitness is extremely important for optimal cogni-
  tive functioning.

Test Yourself

Pick the best answer.

1. Researchers have found that it takes ____ to view a mental
   image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more
   compact one.
   a. longer
   b. less time

c. the same amount of time

d. half the time

2. Research suggests we engage mental images in our
   mind ____ the way we engage or interact with
   physical objects.
   a. a little like
   b. much like
   c. not at all like
   d. randomly and completely different than


3. A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them
   to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures,
   almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a
   specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a
   a. formal concept.
   b. natural concept.

c. fuzzy concept.

d. prototype.

4. Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n)
   a. algorithm.
   b. heuristic.

c. rule of thumb.

d. mechanical solution.

5. John and Karen bought a new house with an unfinished basement.
   To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the
   floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of
   problem solving is known as
   a. representativeness heuristic.
   b. trial and error.
   c. working backward from the goal.
   d. algorithms.


6. One day at work, Pauline’s earring fell on the floor, and she was
   unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Pauline
   reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in
   place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed
   that Pauline overcame
   a. a mental set.
   b. functional fixedness.

c. confirmation bias.

d. transformation bias.