Psychology2016

502 CHAPTER 12

• Intergroup contact is more effective in reducing prejudice if the
  groups have equal status.


• Prejudice and discrimination can also be reduced when a super-
  ordinate goal that is large enough to override all other goals
  needs to be achieved by all groups.


• Prejudice and discrimination are reduced when people must
  work together to solve a problem because each person has an
  important key to solving the problem, creating a mutual interde-
  pendence. This technique used in education is called the “jigsaw
  classroom.”

12. 12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal
    attraction.

• Interpersonal attraction refers to liking or having the desire for a
  relationship with another person.


• People tend to form relationships with people who are in physi-
  cal proximity to them.


• People are attracted to others who are similar to them in some way.


• People may also be attracted to people who are different from
  themselves, with the differences acting as a complementary sup-
  port for areas in which each may be lacking.


• People tend to like other people who like them in return, a phe-
  nomenon called the reciprocity of liking.


• Use of a specific social networking site may be partially deter-
  mined by racial identity and ethnic identity. The ways sites are
  used are influenced by both gender and the status of current
  social relationships.


• Love is a strong affection for another person due to kinship, per-
  sonal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests.

12. 13 Describe the different types of love outlined in
    Sternberg’s theory.

• Sternberg states that the three components of love are intimacy,
  passion, and commitment.


• Romantic love is intimacy with passion, companionate love is
  intimacy with commitment, and consummate love contains all
  three components.

12. 14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined
    by biology and learning.

• Aggression is behavior intended to hurt or destroy another
  person in a way that may be physical or verbal. Frustration is a
  major source of aggression.
  
  
  • Biological influences on aggression may include genetics, the
    amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin
    levels.
  
  
  • Social roles are powerful influences on the expression of aggres-
    sion. Social learning theory states that aggression can be learned
    through direct reinforcement and through the imitation of suc-
    cessful aggression by a model.
  
  
  • Studies have concluded that violent television, movies, and
    video games stimulate aggressive behavior, both by increasing
    aggressive tendencies and by providing models of aggressive
    behavior.
  
  
  
  

   12. 15 Identify the factors influencing why people help
  
   others.
  
   - Prosocial behavior is behavior that is socially desirable and ben-
  
      efits others.
  
   - Altruism is prosocial behavior in which a person helps someone
  
      else without expectation of reward or recognition, often without
  
      fear for his or her own safety.
  
   - The bystander effect means that people are more likely to get
  
      help from others if there are one or only a few people nearby
  
      rather than a larger number. The more people nearby, the less
  
      likely it is that help will be offered.
  
   - When others are present at a situation in which help could be
  
      offered, there is a diffusion of responsibility among all the
  
      bystanders, reducing the likelihood that any one person or per-
  
      sons will feel responsibility for helping.
  
   - Researchers Latané and Darley found that people who were
  
      alone were more likely to help in an emergency than people
  
      who were with others.
  
   - The five steps in making a decision to help are noticing, defining
  
      an emergency, taking responsibility, planning a course of action,
  
      and taking action.

  
  

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Peeking

inside the Social Brain

12. 16 Define social neuroscience.

• Social neuroscience is the study of how biological processes
  influence social behavior. Studies use fMRI and other imaging
  techniques to discover areas of the brain involved in social
  actions.

Test Yourself

Pick the best answer.

1. Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is
   known as
   a. compliance.
   b. obedience.

c. informational social influence.

d. normative social influence.

2. According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been
   known to occur?
   a. presidential elections
   b. the fall of communism

c. mass suicides by cults

d. the sinking of the Titanic