Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

Notes to Pages 22–26 197

13. AVPRI, f. 161/4, op. 729 (1/2), d. 35. AKAK, vol. IV, pt. 1, 713–714. Khodarkovsky, Bitter
    Choices, 19, 70–73.


14. AVPRI, f. 161/4, op. 729 (1/2), d. 35; AKAK, vol. VI, pt. 1, 712–714.


15. AKAK, vol. VI, pt. 1, 714.


16. AVPRI, f. 161, II-15, op. 58, d. 4; AKAK, vol. VI, pt. 1, 717.


17. AKAK, vol. VI, pt. 1, 715–716, 779.


18. AKAK, vol. VI, pt. 2, 83.


19. In Indonesia Dutch colonial officials tried to restrict the hajj by passing a resolution in 1825
    that required passports and charging an exorbitant tax for pilgrims. Muslims responded to the mea-
    sure by shifting their routes to avoid Dutch officials and travel to Mecca without passports. In 1852
    colonial officials reversed the measure: they abolished the hajj tax and issued free passports, hoping
    to coax pilgrims back to state-monitored routes and in order to count their numbers and regulate the
    hajj. See Jacob Vredenbregt, “The Haddj: Some of Its Features and Functions in Indonesia,” Bildragan
    voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 118, 1 (1962): 98–100. Similarly, in West Africa in the early 1850s
    French colonial officials subsidized hajj trips for select “friends of the colonial regime” as part of a
    broader effort to co-opt Muslim elites and put a “tolerant face on imperialism.” See David Robinson,
    Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Maurita-
    nia, 1880–1920 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000), 75, 77.


20. AKAK, vol. VI, pt. 1, 715–716.


21. Ibid.


22. Khodarkosvky, Bitter Choices, 70; and Charles King, The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the
    Caucasus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 45–46, 49.


23. Ulrike Freitag, “The City and the Stranger: Jeddah in the Nineteenth Century,” in The City in
    the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the Making of Urban Modernity, ed. Ulrike Freitag, Malte Fuhr-
    mann, Nora Lafi, and Florian Riedler (London: Routledge, 2011), 220.


24. Bruce Masters, “Aleppo: The Ottoman Empire’s Caravan City,” in The Ottoman City between
    East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul, ed. Edhem Eldem, Daniel Goffman, and Bruce Masters
    (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17–78; Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World
    Economy, 1800–1914 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005), 85–87.


25. For a standard account of the Eastern Question, see M. S. Anderson, The Eastern Question,
    1774–1923: A Study in International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1966).


26. Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (New Haven, CT: Yale University
    Press, 2000), 152; Moshe Maʹoz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861: The Impact of
    the Tanzimat on Politics and Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), 216; and I. M. Smilianskaia,
    “K.M. Bazili—rossiiskii diplomat i istorik Sirii,” in Ocherki po istorii russkogo vostokovedeniia, sb. IV
    (Moscow: Izdatelʹstvo vostochnoi literatury Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1959), 63.


27. AVPRI, f. 313, op. 823, d. 3; Eileen M. Kane, “Pilgrims, Holy Places, and the Multi-Confessional
    Empire: Russian Policy toward the Ottoman Empire under Tsar Nicholas I, 1825–1855,” (PhD diss.,
    Princeton University, 2005), 63.


28. In recent years, the Russian government has started to emphasize its “historic” Orthodox
    ties to the Middle East, in part to lay claim to valuable tsarist-era land and property in Israel. In line
    with this, there has been a resurgence of scholarly work on Russian Orthodox pilgrimage to the Holy
    Land. See, for example, N. N. Lisovoi, comp., Rossiia v Sviatoi Zemle: dokumenty i materialy, 2 vols.
    (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 2000); K. A. Vakh et al., comps., Rossiia v Sviatoi Zemle:
    k 130-letiiu sotrudnichestva Imperatorskogo Pravoslavnogo Palestinskogo Obshchestva s narodami
    Blizhnego Vostoka: katalog mezhdunarodnoi iubileinoi vystavki (Moscow: Indrik, 2012); and I. A.
    Vorobʹeva, Russkie missii v Sviatoi Zemle v 1847–1917 godakh (Moscow: Institut vostokovedeniia
    RAN, 2001). On the Russian Compound in Jerusalem, see Ely Schiller, ed., The Heritage of the Holy
    Land: A  Rare Collection of Photographs from the Russian Compound, 1905–1910 (Jerusalem: Arie