Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

204 Notes to Pages 64–70

52. Ibid.


53. Daniel Brower, “Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the
    Russian Empire,” Slavic Review 55, no. 3 (1996): 570.


54. Ibid., 569–570.


55. DAOO, f. 1, op. 174, d. 7.


56. Ibid.


57. Ibid.


58. Ibid.


59. John D. Klier, “The Pogrom Paradigm in Russian History,” in Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence
    in Modern Russian History, ed. John Doyle Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (Cambridge: Cambridge
    University Press, 2004), 20–26.


60. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174.


61. Ibid.


62. Ibid. This increase was a direct result of the expansion of Russia’s railroad network into the
    Caucasus and Central Asia. Russia’s opening of the trans-Caucasian and trans-Caspian lines during
    the 1880s—the first railroads ever in these regions, built mainly for Russia’s military and economic
    purposes—opened up access to the hajj even wider, and drew greater numbers of Muslim pilgrims
    out of these regions, through Russian lands, and onto the Black Sea-Constantinople-Jeddah sea
    route. On the building of the trans-Caspian railroad in the 1880s to “strengthen Russia’s position
    in Central Asia” and as part of its involvement in the “Great Game,” see Frithjof Benjamin Schenk,
    “Imperial Inter-Rail: Vliianie mezhnatsionalʹnogo i mezhimperskogo vospriiatiia i sopernichestva
    na politiku zheleznodorozhnogo stroitelʹstva v tsarskoi Rossii,” in Imperium inter pares: Rolʹ trans-
    ferov v istorii Rossiiskoi imperii (1700–1917), ed. Martin Aust, Ricarda Vulpius, and A. I. Miller (Mos-
    cow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010), 366.


63. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174.


64. Eickelman and Piscatori, Muslim Travellers, xii–xv. See also Laffan, Islamic Nationhood and
    Colonial Indonesia.


65. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174.


66. Ibid.


67. BOA, Fon: Y.A.HUS, Dosya: 252, Gömlek: 40, Vesika: 1; Fon: I.MMS, Dosya: 116, Gömlek:
    4980, Vesika: 1–4.


68. Ibid.


69. Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the
    Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999), 56.


70. A Turkic-language insert called Turkistaning gazeti was published as part of the
    Russian-language Turkestanskie vedomosti, the region’s first newspaper, published under the aus-
    pices of the viceroy’s office starting in 1870. In 1883 an independent Turkic-language twice-weekly
    paper was launched, Turkistan wilayatining gazeti, with a print run of five hundred to six hundred
    copies. See E. A. Masonov, “Sh.M. Ibragimov—drug Ch.Ch. Valikhanova,” Vestnik akademii nauk
    Kazakhskoi SSR 9 (1964): 53–60; and N. P. Ostroumov, Sarty: etnograficheskie materialy (Tashkent:
    Tip. “Sredneaziatskaia zhiznʹ,” 1908), 156.


71. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 224, 227–229, 231; Masonov, “Sh.M. Ibragimov,” 53–54.


72. BOA, Fon: Y.A.HUS, Dosya: 252, Gömlek: 41, Vesika 1–3.


73. Sh. Ishaev, “Mekka—sviashchennyi gorod musulʹman,” Sredneaziatskii vestnik pt. 1 (Nov.
    1896): 62.


74. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202. It is not clear why Russia never again put a Muslim in charge of
    the Jeddah consulate. It was probably due in part to the Ottoman outcry over Russia’s appointment
    of Ibragimov, and a desire on the Foreign Ministry’s part to ensure the cooperation of local Ottoman