Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

Notes to Pages 57–63 203

Central Asian Hajj-Pilgrimage in the Time of the Early Modern Empires,” in Safavid Iran and Her
Neighbors, ed. Michel Mazzaoui (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2003), 132–135.

34. Hamid Algar, “Tariqat and Tariq: Central Asian Naqshbandis on the Roads to the Hara-
    mayn,” in Central Asian Pilgrims: Hajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz,
    ed. Alexandre Papas, Thomas Welsford, and Thierry Zarcone (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 2012), 76–95.
    See also Lâle Can, “Connecting People: A Central Asian Sufi Network in Turn-of-the-Century Istan-
    b u l ,” Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 2 (2012): 373–401; Grace Martin Smith, “The Özbek Tekkes of
    I s t a n b u l ,” Der Islam 57, no. 1 (1980): 130–139; and Alʹfina Sibgatullina, Kontakty tiurok-musulʹman
    Rossiiskoi i Osmanskoi imperii na rubezhe XIX–XX vv. (Moscow: Istok, 2010), 89–99.


35. See, for example, these three hajj memoirs, from 1899, 1909, and 1911, respectively. Kh.
    Al’mushev, Khadzh-name: Kniga o khadzhe (Nizhnii Novgorod: Izd. NIM “Makhinur,” 2006); Saya-
    hatnama, Astarkhan ghubernasi Krasni Yar uyezi Sayyid qaryasining al-hajj al-haramayn Er ʾAli
    Rahimberdiyef al-Qaraghachining hajj safarinda kurganlari (Astrakhan: Tipografiia Torgovogo
    Doma “Umerov i Ko.” 1911); and UNT RAN, f. 7, “Makhammed Khasan Akchura tarzhemaikhale.”


36. SSSA, f. 5, op. 1, d. 3305.


37. Records of the Hajj: A Documentary History of the Pilgrimage to Mecca (Cambridge: Archive
    Editions, 1993), 4, 331.


38. Pierre Boyer, “L’administration française et la règlementation du pèlerinage à la Mècque
    (1830–1894),” Revue d’histoire maghrébine 9 (July 1977): 277.


39. Records of the Hajj, 4, 185.


40. Boyer, “L’administration française,” 277.


41. On efforts by European empires to accommodate Islam, see, for example, David Robinson,
    Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Maurita-
    nia, 1880–1920 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2000). See also various essays in Islam and the
    European Empires, ed. David Motadel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).


42. William R. Roff, “Sanitation and Security: The Imperial Powers and the Nineteenth-Century
    H a j j ,” Arabian Studies 6 (1982): 146.


43. According to records from Russian officials in charge of the North Caucasus, large numbers
    of Muslims from Dagestan made the pilgrimage to Mecca, and most of them were poor, and traveled
    on foot along land routes through eastern Anatolia to Damascus. As Russia’s consular network in
    eastern Anatolia expanded, indigent hajj pilgrims increasingly were showing up at consulates to beg
    for money. The loans they received were small, 5 to 10 rubles per person, but they added up. SSSA, f.
    5, op. 1, d. 424, ll. 50ob–51.


44. SSSA, f. 5, op. 1, d. 424, ll. 50ob–51. On the 1857 law, see st. 477 “Ustav o pasportakh,” in Pol-
    noe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii XIV-tom (St. Petersburg, 1857). On this point Loris-Melikov
    seems to have been mistaken. No such law favoring Muslim pilgrims exists on the books. His confu-
    sion illustrates the mess of laws regarding passports, and the general incoherence of imperial pass-
    port policy, which Tsar Alexander II had been trying, with little success, to clarify and codify. See
    Chernukha, Pasport v Rossii, 1719–1917, 98–99.


45. SSSA, f. 8, op. 1, d. 256; f. 5, op. 1, d. 424.


46. Hans Rogger, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Russia (Berkeley: University of Cal-
    ifornia Press, 1986), 58. For a recent study of Ignatʹev’s diplomatic career see V. M. Khevrolina,
    Rossiiskii diplomat graf Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatʹev (Moscow: Institut Rossiiskoi istorii RAN, 2004).


47. DAOO, f. 1, op. 174, d. 7.


48. SSSA, f. 5, op. 1, d. 1396, l. 1.


49. SSSA, f. 5, op. 1, d. 1396, l. 1.


50. DAOO, f. 1, op. 174, d. 7.


51. Ibid.