Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

Notes to Pages 72–77 205

officials and smooth functioning of the consulate. But it may have also been because of the resistance
of Russian officials to the idea; many doubted the loyalty of Russia’s Muslims, and resisted putting
them into important positions in Russian consulates abroad, especially in Ottoman lands.

75. Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berke-
    ley: University of California Press, 1998), 86–88. See also Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal
    Lemercier-Quelquejay, La presse et le mouvement national chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920
    (Paris: Mouton, 1964).


76. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 241–292.


77. “Rukovodstvo dlia rossiiskikh konsulʹstv v Turtsii, otnositelʹno russkikh poddannykh,
    otpravliaiushchikh na poklonenie v Mekku,” Turkestanksaia Tuzemnaia Gazeta, no. 11, March 21,
    1892, cited in V. P. Litvinov, Vneregionalʹnoe palomnichestvo musulʹman Turkestana (epokha novogo
    vremeni) (Elets: EGU im. I.A. Bunina, 2006), 163; “Izvlechenie iz spetsialʹnogo Ustava o palomnich-
    estve v Khedzhaz v techenie 1892 goda,” Turkestanksaia Tuzemnaia Gazeta, no. 12, March 30, 1892,
    cited in Litvinov, Vneregionalʹnoe palomnichestvo musulʹman Turkestana, 163.


78. “O musulmanskikh palomnikakh, sovershavshikh khadzh v 1894 godu,” Turkistan wilayati-
    ning gazeti, May 12, 1895, 3.


79. Ibid.


80. David Ludden, “The Process of Empire: Frontiers and Borderlands,” in Tributary Empires
    in Global History, ed. Peter Fibiger Bang and C. A. Bayly (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011),
    146–147.


81. On Turkestani tekkes in Ottoman lands, see Hamid Algar, “Tariqat and Tariq,” in Papas,
    Welsford, and Zarcone, Central Asian Pilgrims, 76–95; Can, “Connecting People,” 373–401; Smith,
    “The Özbek Tekkes of Istanbul,” 130–139; and Sibgatullina, Kontakty tiurok-musulʹman Rossiiskoi i
    Osmanskoi imperii na rubezhe XIX–XX vv., 89–99.


82. AVPRI, f. 180, op. 517/2, d. 5301, ll. 2–3.


83. Ibid. Gülden Sarıyıldız, “II. Abdülhamidʹin Fakir Hacılar için Mekkeʹde İnşa Ettirdiği Misa-
    firhane,” Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi 14 (1994): 134, 141.


84. Peters, The Hajj, 301–302. On the 1892 cholera epidemic in Russia, see Nancy A. Frieden,
    “The Russian Cholera Epidemic, 1892–93 and Medical Professionalization,” Journal of Social History
    10 (1977): 538–599, 546; and Charlotte E. Henze, Disease, Health Care, and Government in Late
    Imperial Russia: Life and Death on the Volga, 1823–1914 (New York: Routledge, 2011), 51.


85. Peters, The Hajj, 303.


86. Long, The Hajj Today, 72–73.


87. Sarıyıldız, “II. Abdülhamidʹin Fakir Hacılar için Mekkeʹde İnşa Ettirdiği Misafirhane,”
    134, 141.


88. AVPRI, f. 180, op. 517/2, d. 5301, ll. 2–3.


89. Ibid.


90. An Algerian émigré community also developed in Damascus after the 1830 French conquest.
    As the French consular presence in Syria grew from the 1830s onward, some émigrés began to claim
    French subjecthood, for the legal and economic advantages diplomatic protection brought them. See
    Pierre Bardin, Algériens et tunisiens dans l’empire ottoman de 1848 à 1914 (Paris: Éditions du Centre
    National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1979).


91. BOA, Fon: HR.HM.IŞO, Dosya: 177, Gömlek: 34; Fon: DH.MKT, Dosya: 2287, Gömlek: 65.


92. Mehmed Sakır, Ayşe Kavak, and Gülden Sariyildiz, eds., Halife II. Abdülhamidʹin hac siyaseti:
    Dr. M. Sakir Beyʹin hatıraları (Istanbul: Timaş yayınları, 2009), 11–12.


93. BOA, Fon: HR.HMŞ.IŞO, Dosya: 177, Gömlek: 34.


94. Faroqhi, Pilgrims and Sultans, 45.


95. Peters, The Hajj, 272–273.