Notes to Pages 121–126 211Russia,” 107–108, 112. See also Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Impe-
rial Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001).
- Paul W. Werth, The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Impe-
rial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 253. See also Elena Campbell, “The Muslim
Question in Late Imperial Russia,” in Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930, ed. Jane
Burbank, Mark von Hagen, and Anatolyi Remnev (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007),
320–347. - Muslims constituted a small and gradually decreasing minority in the Duma, a ratio deliber-
ately engineered by the regime, which sought to block certain candidates for election and decreased
their overall numbers over time. There were twenty-five Muslim representatives (out of 496 total) in
the First Duma of 1906; thirty-six (out of 517) in the Second Duma of 1907; ten (out of 487) in the
Third Duma of 1907–12; and just seven (out of 444) in the Fourth Duma of 1912–17. See Werth, The
Tsar’s Foreign Faiths, 225. - DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, ll. 78–81.
- Ibid., l. 78ob.
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1196, ll. 55–62ob.
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, l. 50b.
- M. O. Menshikov, “Uvazhenie k Islamu,” Novoe vremia, November 25, 1908.
- Daniel Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire (London: RoutledgeCurzon,
2003), 74–75; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berke-
ley: University of California Press, 1998), 67–68; A. Zeki Veilidi Togan, Bugünkü Türkili Türkistan ve
Yakın Tarihi (Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1981), 272–273. - Eugene Schuyler, Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and
Kuldja (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, 1876), 1, 97–98, 157–158. - Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois
University Press, 1997). - Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, 67–68.
- DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, ll. 40ob–42, 257–258.
- Ibid., ll. 78ob–79ob.
- William R. Roff, “Sanitation and Security: The Imperial Powers and the Nineteenth-Century
H a j j ,” Arabian Studies 6 (1982): 143–160; see also F. E. Peters, The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca (Prince-
ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 266–315. - DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, l. 77. For Russian press coverage, see the March 1908 article in
Russkoe slovo, in RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1196, l. 8; and “Staryi Turkestanets. Palomnichestvo v Mekku,”
Golos pravdy, no. 708 (Jan. 24, 1908), cited in Alʹfina Sibgatullina, Kontakty tiurok-musulʹman Rossi-
iskoi i Osmanskoi imperii na rubezhe XIX–XX vv. (Moscow: Istok, 2010), 30. - DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, l. 77.
- Ibid., l. 76ob.
- Ibid., l. 77.
- Ibid., ll. 79–79ob.
- Ibid., ll. 79ob–80.
- Piers Brendon, Thomas Cook: 150 Years of Popular Tourism (London: Martin Secker and
Warburg, 1991), 110; Edmund Swinglehurst, Cook’s Tours: The Story of Popular Travel (Poole, Dorset,
UK: Blandford Press, 1982). - Louise McReynolds, “The Prerevolutionary Russian Tourist: Commercialization in the Nine-
teenth Century,” in Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism,
ed. Anne E. Gorsuch and Diane P. Koenker (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 26. - In 1885 the British colonial government in India hired Thomas Cook to organize the hajj out
of a central office in Bombay; by 1893, unhappy with the results, the government fired Cook. See