Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

212 Notes to Pages 126–131

Roff, “Sanitation and Security,” 152; The Mecca Pilgrimage: Appointment by the Government of India
of Thos. Cook and Son as Agents for the Control of the Movements of Mahomedan Pilgrims from All
Parts of India to Jeddah for Mecca, Medina, etc., and Back (London: Printed for Private Circulation,
1886); Swinglehurst, Cook’s Tours, 80–82; and Brendon, Thomas Cook, 205–210.

27. David Edwin Long, The Hajj Today: A  Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah
    (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1979).


28. Suraiya Faroqhi et al., eds., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire: 1600–1914
    (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 2, 612.


29. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, ll. 273–284.


30. Ibid., l. 276.


31. Ibid., ll. 273–284.


32. Victor and Edith Turner made this point in their 1978 seminal essay on pilgrimage as a subject
    of scholarly study, “Pilgrimage as a Liminoid Phenomenon.” And yet scholars have been slow to explore
    the economic aspects of pilgrimage. See Victor Turner and Edith Turner, eds. Image and Pilgrimage in
    Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 25.


33. For centuries the economy of Damascus, a major hub of land routes to Mecca, was based
    almost entirely on the hajj traffic. See Abdul-Karim Rafeq, “Damascus and the Pilgrim Caravan,”
    in Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, ed. Leila Tarazi Fawaz and
    C. A. Bayly (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 130–143.


34. See note 5 above on the Dumas between 1906 and 1917. See Dilyara M. Usmanova, “The
    Activity of the Muslim Faction of the State Duma and Its Significance in the Formation of a Political
    Culture among the Muslim Peoples of Russia (1906–1917),” in Muslim Culture in Russia and Central
    Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper et  al. vol.  2 (Berlin: Schwarz,
    1996), 2, 429.


35. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1196, ll. 17–17ob.


36. S. I. Ilovaiskii, Istoricheskii ocherk piatidesiatiletiia Russkago obshchestva parokhodstva i tor-
    govli (Odessa: Tip. Iuzhno-russkago obshchestva pechatnago diela, 1907); M. Poggenpolʹ, Ocherk
    vozniknoveniia i deitelʹnosti Dobrovolʹnago Flota za vremia XXV-ti letnago ego sushchestvovaniia
    (St. Petersburg: Tip. A. Benke, 1903).


37. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, ll. 83–85, 95ob.


38. Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: A  History, 1794–1914 (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard Ukrainian
    Research Institute, 1986), 107, 203; Stuart Thompstone, “Tsarist Russia’s Investment in Transport,”
    Journal of Transport History 3, no. 19/1 (March 1998): 63; RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757, l. 3ob.


39. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391. ll. 40ob–42.


40. Ibid., l. 95ob.


41. Ibid., ll. 83–85.


42. Ibid.


43. Ibid., l. 76.


44. Pravila perevozki na sudakh palomnikov-musulʹman iz Chernomorskikh portov v Gedzhasa i
    obratno (St. Petersburg: Pervaia tsentralʹnaia vostochnaia elektropechatnia, 1908); DAOO, f. 2, op. 3,
    d. 3391, ll. 128–129ob.


45. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, l. 78.


46. Ibid., ll. 78–81.


47. Ibid., ll. 76–82.


48. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1196.


49. “Zapiski P. A. Stolypina po ‘musulʹmanskomu voprosu,’ 1911 g.,” in Imperatorskaia Rossiia i
    musulʹmanskii mir (konets XVIII–nachalo XX v.): sbornik materialov, comp. D. Iu. Arapov (Moscow:
    Natalis, 2006), 315.