Auxiliaries 267
(66) Sambi dang-tangdang, ...
while RED-dance
‘While he was dancing, ...’
4. Auxiliaries and adverbial tense, mood and aspect marking
There are a number of auxiliary-type words and particles that signal time, mod-
ality, and aspect. These auxiliaries and adverbs must occur in immediate pre-
verbal position, separable from the verb only by other auxiliaries.
- bakal ‘will’
Future time can be indicated with a temporal noun such as laggu' ‘tomorrow’
(67) or with the auxiliary bakal ‘will’ (68) and (69).
(67) Bapa' mangkat ka Jember laggu'.
father leave to Jember tomorrow
‘Father leaves for Jember tomorrow.’
(68) Deni bakal nompa’ sapedha-na.
Deni will AV.ride bicycle-DEF
‘Deni will ride his bicycle.’
(69) Dungeng se bakal e-dungeng-ngagin-a bi' engko' sateya reya iya
story REL will OV-story-BEN-IRR by me now this yes
areya dungeng Pa-rembi'-na Joko Tole.
this story NOM-bear-DEF Joko Tole
‘The story that I will tell now is the story of the Birth of Joko Tole.’
The use of bakal indicates a greater certainty and imminence of the state of
affairs than does using the irrealis suffix alone. Thus, the event of Deni riding
his bicycle is more likely to take place in the nearer future in (68) than in (34).
(34) Deni nompa'-a sapedha-na.
Deni AV.ride-IRR bicycle-DEF
‘Deni will ride his bicycle.’
Additionally, as (69) illustrates, bakal can cooccur with a verb marked for irrea-
lis, as in the relative clause se bakal edungengngagina bi' engko' sateya. This
double marking denotes no difference in meaning. As shown below, future time
can also be indicated using kera ‘guess’ as an auxiliary.