274 Chapter 9 VPs and verbal marking
(103) Deni lo' ngarte jawab-an.
Deni not understand answer-NOM
‘Deni doesn’t understand the answer.’
Negative imperatives are formed with the particle (n)ja'.
(104) Ja' entar dha’ Jakarta!
don’t go to Jakarta
‘Don’t go to Jakarta!’
(105) Ja' dhak-gendhak!
don’t RED-arrogant
‘Don’t be arrogant!’
Although the auxiliaries described in section 4 are largely mutually exclu-
sive, negation can naturally cooccur with them. And in all cases, the negative
particle precedes the auxiliary element, as in (106) and (107).
(106) Red-mored-da ta' bisa maca buku reya.
RED-studnet-DEF not can AV.read book this
‘The students can’t read this book.’
(107) Ali lo' kodu mokol ale'-eng.
Ali not must AV.hit yngr.sibling-DEF
‘Ali mustn’t hit his little brother.’
As described in Chapter 10 section 3, the position of the negative particle is
somewhat flexible in causative constructions. In (108), it occurs in preverbal
position (108a), prior to the verb but following object voice morphology (108b),
or following the causative morpheme (108c).
(108) a. Ali lo' e-pa-lako bi' jaragan-na.^11
Ali not OV-CS.AV-work by boss-DEF
‘His boss didn’t let Ali work.’
b. Ali e-lo'-pa-lako bi- jaragan-na.
Ali OV-not-CS.AV-work by boss-DEF
‘His boss didn’t let Ali work.’
(^11) The actor voice prefix a- and the causative morpheme pa- coalesce when contiguous
in (106a,b). The full form of the morphemes emerges in (106c) where the interpolation
of lo' prevents the coalescence.